Biomimetic membrane formed from a vesicle-thread conjugate
The present invention relates to a method for producing man-made devices which have the properties and functions of biological membranes and membrane proteins, and to the structure of such devices. Briefly, in one aspect of the invention, natural or genetically engineered proteins are incorporated into a polymeric vesicle that is conjugated to a thread to form a vesicle-thread conjugate. The engineered protein is preferably a transmembrane protein embedded in the wall of the polymeric vesicle. The vesicle-thread conjugate is then formed into a membrane or thin fabric having a wide variety of inherent functionality, including the ability to selectively transport and/or filter compounds between fluids. By selecting proteins with specific properties, membranes can be fabricated with a defined functionality including molecular scale addressability via directed electrostatic, electromagnetic, and chemical forces.
1. A biomimetic membrane comprising a plurality of polymeric vesicles each conjugated to a thread to form a vesicle-thread conjugate wherein the thread comprises a cellulose material or a nylon-based material.
2. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the vesicle-thread conjugates have been formed by providing a functionalized vesicle surface and a functionalized thread surface.
3. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 , in which a protein is incorporated into the walls of the plurality of vesicles.
4. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 , in which the plurality of vesicles are formed from a tri-block copolymer having hydrophilic outer blocks and a hydrophobic inner block.
5. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the thread comprises cellulose, a cellulose ester or a cellulose ether.
6. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 5 , wherein the thread comprises carboxymethyl cellulose, aminoethylcellulose, nano-crystalline cellulose or cellulose nanofibers.
7. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 formed by weaving the threads of a plurality of vesicle-thread conjugates into a fabric.
8. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 formed by depositing a plurality of vesicle-thread conjugates to form a sheet wherein the conjugates adhere to one another.
9. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 formed by a combination of weaving the threads of a plurality of vesicle-thread conjugates into a fabric, and depositing a plurality of vesicle-thread conjugates to form a sheet wherein the conjugates adhere to one another.
10. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 1 , which is a water filtration membrane.
11. A biomimentic membrane according to claim 3 , comprising vesicle-thread conjugates with different kinds of proteins incorporated into the wall of the vesicles.
12. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 3 , wherein the protein incorporated into the wall of the vesicle comprises protein of the Aquaporin family.
13. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 3 , wherein two energy converting proteins are incorporated into the walls of said plurality of vesicles.
14. A biomimetic membrane according to claim 13 , wherein the two energy converting proteins are bacteriorhodopsin and cytochrome oxidase.
15. A power source comprising a biomimetic membrane according to claim 13 , wherein the biomimetic membrane is in contact with microfabricated electrodes.