Nanoparticle organic hybrid materials (NOHMS)
A nanoparticle organic hybrid material (NOHM) containing an organic polymeric corona having a molecular weight in a range of 100-50,000 g/mol, wherein the organic polymeric corona is covalently attached to an inorganic nanoparticle core, wherein the NOHM exhibits liquid-like properties so that the NOHM moves freely and flows in a manner so that when the NOHM is in a container, the NOHM takes the shape of the container, and wherein the NOHM has a volume fraction (fc) of the inorganic particle ranging from about 0.05 to 0.75, methods of making the NOHMs, and compositions containing the NOHMs.
1. A nanoparticle organic hybrid material (NOHM), comprising an organic polymeric corona having a molecular weight in a range of 100-50,000 g/mol covalently attached to an inorganic nanoparticle core and a second organic polymeric corona attached to an inorganic nanoparticle core, wherein the second organic polymeric corona is composed of a different polymer from that of the organic polymeric corona, wherein in the absence of a solvent the NOHM exists as a self-suspended suspension and exhibits liquid-like properties, wherein the NOHM has a volume fraction f c of the inorganic particle ranging from about 0.05 to 0.75, and wherein the NOHM does not have ionic bonds.
2. The NOHM according to claim 1 , wherein the organic polymers comprising said organic polymeric corona have a molecular weight in one of the following ranges 100-25,000 g/mol; 100-15,000 g/mol; 100-10,000; 250-7,500 g/mol; 500-7,500 g/mol; 500-5,000 g/mol; 250-2,500 g/mol; 250-1,500 g/mol; 100-2,500 g/mol; and 100-1,000 g/mol.
3. The NOHM according to claim 1 , wherein the organic polymeric corona is polyethylene carbonate (PEC), polypropylene carbonate (PPC), poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) (PI), polyethylene vinyl acetate (PEVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), polyoxyethylene (POE), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly-alpha-olefin (PAO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), PEG-PS diblock copolymer, or a combination thereof.
4. The NOHM according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic nanoparticle core is selected from the group consisting of a metal salt, metal oxide, and metal.
5. The NOHM according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic nanoparticle core is SiO 2 , SnO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Co 3 O 4 , MgO, SrO, BaO, CaO, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , FeO, V 2 O 3 , V 2 O 5 , Mn 2 O 3 , NiO, CuO, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , ZnO, Ag 2 O, Mg, Sr, Ba, Ca, Ti, Zr, Fe, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Al, Si, Zn, Ag, Au, Co, or a mixture thereof.
6. The NOHM according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic nanoparticle core is selected from the group consisting of a multi-lobed nanoparticle, cubed-shaped nanoparticle, conductive nanoparticle, hollow nanoparticle, a nanoshell, quantum dot, nanocrystal, magnetic nanoparticle, a metal and a nanorod.
7. The NOHM according to claim 1 , wherein the volume fraction f c is greater than 0.10 and less than 0.50.
8. An electrolyte, comprising the NOHM according to claim 1 and an ionic dopant.
9. The electrolyte according to claim 8 , wherein the organic polymeric corona of the NOHM is doped with LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 , LiC(CH 3 )(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiCH(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiCH 2 (CF 3 SO 2 ), LiC 2 F 5 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiB(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiI, LiBF 4 , LiSCN, LiAsF 6 , NaCF 3 SO 3 , NaPF 6 , NaClO 4 , NaI, NaBF 4 , NaAsF 6 , KCF 3 SO 3 , KPF 6 , KI, LiCF 3 CO 3 , NaClO 3 , NaSCN, KBF 4 , Mg(ClO 4 ) 2 , Mg(BF 4 ) 2 , or a combination thereof.
10. The electrolyte according to claim 8 , wherein the organic polymeric corona is a polyethylene oxide or polyethylene glycol corona doped with LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiAsF 6 , or LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , and wherein the inorganic nanoparticle cores are selected from the group consisting of titania, SiO 2 , SnO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , and Co 3 O 4 .
11. The nanoparticle organic hybrid material of claim 1 , wherein the organic polymeric corona has end groups selected from nitroxy, alkene, alkyne, epoxy, ethylene oxide, chloride, bromide, amine, sulfonic acid, hydroxyl carboxyl, anhydride, fluorine, sulfonate esters, amino, hydrazido, mercpato, carbonate, carbamate, chlorinate, cyanuryl chloride, epoxide, aldeyhde, and siloxane.
12. A composition comprising a first nanoparticle organic hybrid material (NOHM) and a second NOHM, each of the first NOHM and the second NOHM comprising an organic polymeric corona having a molecular weight in a range of 100-50,000 g/mol covalently attached to an inorganic nanoparticle core, wherein the second NOHM has a different organic polymeric corona or inorganic nanoparticle core than the first NOHM, wherein in the absence of a solvent the first NOHM and the second NOHM exist as self-suspended suspensions and exhibit liquid-like properties, wherein the first NOHM and the second NOHM have a volume fraction f c of the inorganic particle ranging from about 0.05 to 0.75, and wherein the first NOHM and the second NOHM do not have ionic bonds.