Electroconductive member for electrophotography, process cartridge, and electrophotographic image-forming apparatus
Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography which is suppressed in adhesion of a contaminant to a surface thereof. The electroconductive member for electrophotography includes, in this order, an electroconductive support, an electroconductive elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a binder resin and electroconductive fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 5.0 nm or more and 50.0 nm or less. At least part of the electroconductive fine particles are exposed from the surface layer. The surface layer has, on a surface thereof, protruded portions derived from exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles. The surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10 10 Ωcm or more and 1.0×10 16 Ωcm or less and a universal hardness at a depth of 1 μm from the surface thereof of 1.0 N/mm 2 or more and 7.0 N/mm 2 or less.
1. An electroconductive member for electrophotography, comprising, in this order:
an electroconductive support;
an electroconductive elastic layer; and
a surface layer comprising a binder resin with electroconductive fine particles dispersed in the binder resin, said electroconductive fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 5.0 to 50.0 nm, wherein
at least part of the electroconductive fine particles are exposed from the surface layer,
the surface layer has, on a surface thereof, protruded portions derived from exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles,
the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10 10 to 1.0×10 16 Ω·cm, and
the surface layer has a universal hardness at a depth of 1 μm from the surface thereof of 1.0 to 7.0 N/mm 2 .
2. An electroconductive member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein when a region measuring 2.0 μm long by 2.0 μm wide in the surface of the surface layer is observed using a scanning electron microscope, a number of the exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles in the region is 50 to 500.
3. An electroconductive member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the electroconductive fine particles comprise carbon black.
4. An electroconductive member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer contains roughening particles having a number average particle diameter of 3 to 30 μm, has on the surface thereof a protruded portion derived from the roughening particles, and has a Martens hardness at the protruded portion of 10.0 N/mm 2 or less when a load reaches 0.04 mN.
5. An electroconductive member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin has a polycarbonate structure.
6. An electroconductive member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the protruded portions derived from the exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles of the surface layer comprise protruded portions formed by UV treatment.
7. An electroconductive member for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer has a thickness of 0.1 to 100 μm.
8. An electroconductive member for electrophotography according to claim 7 , wherein the surface layer has a thickness of 1 to 50 μm.
9. A process cartridge, comprising:
an electrophotographic photosensitive member; and
a charging member arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member;
the process cartridge being removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic image-forming apparatus, wherein
the charging member comprises in this order:
an electroconductive support;
an electroconductive elastic layer; and
a surface layer comprising a binder resin with electroconductive fine particles dispersed in the binder resin, said electroconductive fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 5.0 to 50.0 nm, wherein
at least part of the electroconductive fine particles are exposed from the surface layer,
the surface layer has, on a surface thereof, protruded portions derived from exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles,
the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10 10 to 1.0×10 16 Ω·cm, and
the surface layer has a universal hardness at a depth of 1 μm from the surface thereof of 1.0 to 7.0 N/mm 2 .
10. An electrophotographic image-forming apparatus, comprising:
an electrophotographic photosensitive member; and
a charging member arranged in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein
the charging member comprises, in this order:
an electroconductive support;
an electroconductive elastic layer; and
a surface layer comprising a binder resin with electroconductive fine particles dispersed in the binder resin, said electroconductive fine particles having a number average particle diameter of 5.0 to 50.0 nm, wherein
at least part of the electroconductive fine particles are exposed from the surface layer,
the surface layer has, on a surface thereof, protruded portions derived from exposed portions of the electroconductive fine particles,
the surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10 10 to 1.0×10 16 Ω·cm, and
the surface layer has a universal hardness at a depth of 1 μm from the surface thereof of 1.0 to 7.0 N/mm 2 .
11. An electrophotographic image-forming apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein the charging member is configured to move at a different speed from that of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.