Nanoporous piezoelectric polymer films for mechanical energy harvesting
Piezoelectric materials based on nanoporous polymer foams are provided. Also provided are nanogenerators incorporating the piezoelectric materials, piezoelectric energy harvesters incorporating the nanogenerators and methods of making and using the same. The piezoelectric materials comprise a unitary nanoporous matrix composed of a piezoelectrically active organic polymer, in which the pores are interconnected and have nanoscale diameters.
1. A piezoelectric material comprising a unitary nanoporous matrix comprising a piezoelectrically active organic polymer that defines a plurality of open pores, wherein the open pores defined by the piezoelectrically active organic polymer are interconnected and do not contain particles and the average pore size in the nanoporous matrix is no greater than about 1000 nm.
2. The piezoelectric material of claim 1 , wherein the average pore size in the nanoporous matrix is no greater than about 100 nm.
3. The piezoelectric material of claim 1 , wherein pore volume fraction of the nanoporous matrix is in the range from about 15% to about 50%.
4. The piezoelectric material of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectrically active organic polymer is β-phase polyvinylidene fluoride.
5. The piezoelectric material of claim 4 , wherein the pore volume fraction of the nanoporous matrix is in the range from about 25% to about 40%.
6. The piezoelectric material of claim 5 , wherein the average pore size in the nanoporous matrix is no greater than about 50 nm.
7. The piezoelectric material of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectrically active organic polymer is a biopolymer.
8. The piezoelectric material of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectrically active organic polymer is a polyamide or a polyurea.
9. A nanogenerator comprising a layer of the piezoelectric material of claim 1 , disposed between and in electrical communication with a base electrode and a counter electrode.
10. A piezoelectric energy harvesting system comprising a nanogenerator and a electronic device, wherein the nanogenerator and the electronic device are configured such that the electronic device is powered by electrical energy generated by the nanogenerator when the nanogenerator is exposed to an external mechanical vibration source, the nanogenerator comprising a layer of piezoelectric material disposed between and in electrical communication with a base electrode and a counter electrode, the piezoelectric material comprising a unitary nanoporous matrix comprising a piezoelectrically active organic polymer, wherein the pores in the nanoporous matrix are interconnected and the average pore size in the nanoporous matrix is no greater than about 1000 nm.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the electronic device is disposed on a surface of the nanogenerator and serves as a proof mass for the nanogenerator.
12. A method of harvesting vibrational energy using a piezoelectric energy harvesting system comprising a nanogenerator and a electronic device, wherein the nanogenerator and the electronic device are configured such that the electronic device is powered by electrical energy generated by the nanogenerator when the nanogenerator is exposed to an external mechanical vibration source, the nanogenerator comprising a layer of piezoelectric material disposed between and in electrical communication with a base electrode and a counter electrode, the piezoelectric material comprising a unitary nanoporous matrix comprising a piezoelectrically active organic polymer, wherein the pores in the nanoporous matrix are interconnected and the average pore size in the nanoporous matrix is no greater than about 1000 nm, the method comprising;
exposing the nanogenerator to vibrational energy from an external mechanical vibration source, whereby the piezoelectric material converts the vibrational energy into electrical energy; and
powering the electronic device with the electrical energy.
13. A method of making a piezoelectric material, the method comprising:
dispersing particles in a solution comprising a piezoelectrically active organic polymer;
forming the solution into a layer and drying the layer to form a film comprising a matrix comprising the organic polymer with the particles dispersed in the matrix;
removing the particles from the matrix to form a unitary nanoporous matrix comprising the piezoelectrically active organic polymer, wherein the pores in the nanoporous matrix are interconnected; and
poling the unitary nanoporous matrix.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the average pore size in the nanoporous matrix is no greater than about 1000 nm.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein the average pore size in the nanoporous matrix is no greater than about 100 nm.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein pore volume fraction of the nanoporous matrix is in the range from about 15% to about 50%.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the piezoelectrically active organic polymer is β-phase polyvinylidene fluoride.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the pore volume fraction of the nanoporous matrix is in the range from about 25% to about 40%.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the nanoparticles promote the nucleation of piezoelectrically active polar crystalline phases within the piezoelectrically active organic polymer as the layer dries.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the piezoelectrically active organic polymer is β-phase polyvinylidene fluoride.
21. The system of claim 10 , wherein the piezoelectrically active organic polymer defines a plurality of open pores and the open pores defined by the piezoelectrically active organic polymer do not contain particles.
22. The method of claim 12 , wherein the piezoelectrically active organic polymer defines a plurality of open pores and the open pores defined by the piezoelectrically active organic polymer do not contain particles.