Membrane-electrode structures for molecular catalysts for use in fuel cells and other electrochemical devices
Water soluble catalysts, (M)meso-tetra(N-Methyl-4-Pyridyl)Porphinepentachloride (M=Fe, Co, Mn & Cu), have been incorporated into the polymer binder of oxygen reduction cathodes in membrane electrode assemblies used in PEM fuel cells and found to support encouragingly high current densities. The voltages achieved are low compared to commercial platinum catalysts but entirely consistent with the behavior observed in electroanalytical measurements of the homogeneous catalysts. A model of the dynamics of the electrode action has been developed and validated and this allows the MEA electrodes to be optimized for any chemistry that has been demonstrated in solution. It has been shown that improvements to the performance will come from modifications to the structure of the catalyst combined with optimization of the electrode structure and a well-founded pathway to practical non-platinum group metal catalysts exists.
1. A Membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) comprising a 3-dimensionally distributed array of catalysts comprising (M)meso-tetra(N-Methyl-4-Pyridyl) Porphinepentachloride (M=Fe, Co, Mn & Cu) distributed within a proton-conductive ionomer in an electrode layer.
2. The Membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) of claim 1 wherein the proton-conductive ionomer comprises perfluorosulfonic-acid (PFSA).
3. The Membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) of claim 2 further comprising a 3-dimensionally distributed array of mediators comprising hydroxymethylferrocene or dimethylaminomethyl ferrocene distributed within the proton-conductive ionomer.
4. The Membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) of claim 3 further comprising a 3-dimensionally distributed array of carbon particles distributed within the proton-conductive ionomer.