Water-dispersable nanoparticles
Provided herein are methods for making water-soluble nanoparticles comprising a core/shell nanocrystal that is coated with a surface layer comprising enough hydrophilic ligands to render the nanoparticle water soluble or water dispersable. Methods for crosslinking molecules on the surface of a nanoparticle, which methods can be used on the above water-soluble nanoparticles also are provided. Nanoparticle compositions resulting from these methods are also provided.
1. A method for making a water-dispersable nanoparticle comprising:
a. providing a nanocrystal coated with a surface layer comprising a hydrophobic ligand, and dissolved or dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent;
b. contacting the nanocrystal dispersion with a phase transfer agent and an aqueous solution comprising a hydrophilic ligand, to form a biphasic mixture having an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous phase; and
c. maintaining the mixture under conditions that cause the nanocrystal to migrate from the non-aqueous solvent into the aqueous phase.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase transfer agent is selected from the group consisting of a crown ether, a PEG, a trialkylsulfonium, a tetralkylphosphonium, and an alkylammonium salt.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase transfer agent is 18-crown-6 ether.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase transfer agent is tetraoctylammonium bromide.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase transfer agent is tetrabutylammonium chloride.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophilic ligand is an organic moiety having a molecular weight between about 100 and 1500, and which is polar enough to be water soluble.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the hydrophilic ligand is a small peptide having 2-10 amino acid residues.
8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a step of treating the water-dispersable nanoparticle with at least one cross-linking agent.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the water-dispersable nanoparticle is isolated prior to treatment with the at least one cross-linking agent.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the at least one cross-linking agent is selected from a hydroxymethyl phosphorus compound, aminobenzophenone, diaminobenzophenone, aminomethylbenzophenone, diaminomethylbenzophenone, or a diaminoalkane.
11. A method for making a water-dispersable nanoparticle comprising:
a. providing a nanocrystal coated with a surface layer comprising a hydrophobic ligand, and dissolved or dispersed in a non-aqueous solvent;
b. contacting the nanocrystal dispersion with at least one cosolvent and an aqueous solution comprising a hydrophilic ligand, to form a biphasic mixture having an aqueous phase and a non-aqueous phase; and
c. maintaining the mixture under conditions that cause the nanocrystal to migrate from the non-aqueous solvent into the aqueous phase;
d. wherein the at least one cosolvent has some miscibility in both the aqueous phase and the non-aqueous phase.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the at least one cosolvent is selected from butanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, methoxyethanol, dioxane, DME, THF, and DMSO, or mixtures thereof.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein one cosolvent is used.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein two cosolvents are used.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the hydrophilic ligand is an organic moiety having a molecular weight between about 100 and 1500, and which is polar enough to be water soluble.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the hydrophilic ligand is a small peptide having 2-10 amino acid residues.
17. The method of claim 11 , further comprising a step of treating the water-dispersable nanoparticle with at least one cross-linking agent.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the water-dispersable nanoparticle is isolated prior to treatment with the at least one cross-linking agent.
19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the at least one cross-linking agent is selected from a hydroxymethyl phosphorus compound, aminobenzophenone, diaminobenzophenone, aminomethylbenzophenone, diaminomethylbenzophenone, or a diaminoalkane.
20. A method for making a crosslinked nanoparticle comprising:
a. providing a nanocrystal dispersion in buffer, wherein the nanocrystal is coated with a surface layer comprising a hydrophilic ligand;
b. adding to the nanocrystal dispersion a crosslinking agent selected from a hydroxymethyl phosphorus compound, aminobenzophenone, diaminobenzophenone, aminomethylbenzophenone, diaminomethylbenzophenone, and a diaminoalkane;
c. adding to the nanocrystal dispersion a peptide bond-forming reagent;
d. incubating the dispersion, thereby crosslinking the surface layer.