Hydrogel filaments for biomedical uses
Described herein are apparatus, compositions, systems and associated methods to occlude structures and malformations with radiopaque hydrogel filaments with delayed controlled rates of expansion permitting the repositioning of the device once inside the structure or malformation. Further described is a device for implantation in an animal comprising a difunctional, low molecular weight ethylenically unsaturated shapeable macromer; an ethylenically unsaturated monomer; and a radiopaque element, wherein said device contains no support members. Methods of forming such devices are also disclosed.
1. A method for preparing a device for implantation comprising:
combining a difunctional, low molecular weight ethylenically unsaturated macromer, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, a visualization agent selected from barium, a barium salt, gadolinium, iron oxide, or an aromatic ring including at least one iodine atom, and a solvent to prepare a prepolymer solution;
preparing a hydrogel filament having a buckling force of 0.5±0.4 gf from the prepolymer solution, and
attaching the hydrogel filament to a coupler, wherein the coupler is configured to attach to a delivery pusher,
wherein the device has no support members, and
wherein the difunctional, low molecular weight ethylenically unsaturated macromer comprises polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, poly(tetramethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein said solvent comprises water, dichloromethane, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol or combinations thereof.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein said solvent comprises about 20% w/w to about 80% w/w of the prepolymer solution.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein said difunctional, low molecular weight ethylenically unsaturated macromer has a molecular weight of about 100 grams/mole to about 5000 grams/mole.
5. The method according to claim 1 wherein said ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises one or more ionizable functional groups.
6. The method according to claim 5 , further comprising treating said hydrogel filament to render the hydrogel filament expansible at physiological conditions.
7. The method according to claim 6 wherein said ionizable functional groups comprise basic groups and said treating step comprises de-protonating said basic groups at pHs greater than the pKa or protonating said basic groups at pHs less than the pKa of said basic groups.
8. The method according to claim 6 wherein said ionizable functional groups comprise acidic groups and said treating step comprises protonating said acidic groups at pHs less than the pKa or de-protonating said acidic groups at pHs greater than the pKa of said acidic groups.
9. The method according to claim 1 wherein said ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises about 40% to about 80% by weight of the prepolymer solution.
10. The method according to claim 1 wherein said ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprises N, N′-methylenebisacrylamide, N-vinyl pyrrolidinone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
11. The method according to claim 1 wherein said aromatic ring has a single unsaturation point.
12. The method according to claim 1 wherein said visualization agent is gadolinium or iron oxide.
13. The method according to claim 1 wherein said visualization agent comprises comprise 2,4,6-triiodophenyl penta-4-enoate, 5-acrylamido-2,4,6-triiodo-n,n′-bis-(2,3 dihydroxypropyl) isophthalamide, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
14. The method according to claim 1 further comprising the step of adding a second ethylenically unsaturated monomer to said prepolymer solution.
15. The method according to claim 1 wherein said hydrogel filament is substantially free of acrylamide.
16. The method according to claim 1 wherein said hydrogel filament is substantially non-bioresorbable.
17. The method according to claim 1 wherein said hydrogel filament is bioresorbable.
18. A method for preparing a device for implantation comprising:
combining a difunctional, low molecular weight ethylenically unsaturated macromer, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer, a visualization agent selected from barium, a barium salt, gadolinium, iron oxide, or an aromatic ring including at least one iodine atom, and a solvent to prepare a prepolymer solution;
preparing a hydrogel filament having a buckling force of 0.5±0.4 gf from the prepolymer solution, and
loading the hydrogel filament into an introducer, wherein the introducer is configured to inject the hydrogel filament into a catheter,
wherein the device has no support members, and
wherein the difunctional, low molecular weight ethylenically unsaturated macromer comprises polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, poly(tetramethylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylamide, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.