Porous matrix
A porous matrix suitable for use as a tissue scaffold is described. The matrix may be shaped before insertion into or at the target tissue site, or injected via a minimally invasive method. The matrix may be pre-seeded with cells of the target tissue or may be used to support growth of the local endogenous tissue. The matrix may contain growth factors or other pharmacologically acceptable moieties such as antibiotics.
1. A process for the production of a tissue scaffold that is a porous matrix comprising a first phase and a second phase contained within the first phase, the process, comprising:
providing a material for the first phase and the second phase, wherein the material for the first phase is a solid polymer in powder, grain or granule form such that it is able to flow, which can become a sticky semi-solid by a change in temperature, wherein the material for the first phase or the material for the second phase or both the material for the first phase and the material for the second phase comprises a polymer selected from poly(α-hydroxyacids), polylactic or polyglycolic acids, poly-lactide poly-glycolide copolymers, poly-lactide polyethylene glycol (PEG) copolymers, polyesters, poly (ε-caprolactone), poly (3-hydroxybutyrate), poly (s-caproic acid), poly (p-dioxanone), poly (propylene fumarate), poly (ortho esters), polyol/diketene acetals addition polymers, polyanhydrides, poly (sebacic anhydride) (PSA), poly(carboxybiscarboxyphenoxyphenoxyhexane) (PCPP), poly [bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)methane] (PCPM), copolymers of SA, CPP and CPM poly (amino acids), poly (pseudo amino acids), polyphosphazenes, derivatives of poly [(dichloro) phosphazene], poly [(organo) phosphazenes] polymers, polyphosphates, polyethylene glycol polypropylene block copolymers, natural polymers, silk, elastin, chitin, chitosan, fibrin, fibrinogen, polysaccharides (including pectins), alginates, collagen, poly (amino acids), peptides, polypeptides, proteins, co-polymers prepared from the monomers of these polymers or mixtures thereof;
adding a plasticizer to the material for the first phase or the material for the second phase or to both the material for the first phase and the material for the second phase, wherein the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of: polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, polycaprolactone, low molecular weight oligomers of polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, and polycaprolactone, adipates, phosphates, phthalates, sabacates, azelates, citrates, poly lactides, and poly lactide-co-glycolide;
introducing a particulate material for the second phase into the material for the first phase, and mixing the material for the first phase and the material for the second phase to form a mixture in which the material for the second phase is contained within and distributed through the material for the first phase;
inserting the mixture into a location in a target tissue or onto a location on a target tissue;
bringing the solid in powder, grain or granule form of the first phase into a sticky semi-solid state by heating the mixture before, concurrently, or after insertion;
shaping the mixture to correspond to the target tissue; and
allowing the material for the first phase to solidify to form a porous matrix, wherein the porous matrix has a porosity that is achieved by gaps between particles.
2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the material for the second phase comprises a porous solid particle material.
3. A process according to claim 2 , wherein the porous solid particle material has a porosity of from 10 to 97%.
4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer is biodegradable.
5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer is caused to undergo crosslinking by the action of bringing the solid in powder, grain or granule form of the first phase into a tacky semi-solid state, and solidifying the first phase.
6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein cells are incorporated into the material for the second phase.
7. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the material for the first phase transforms to a solid or semi-solid state at or close to the body temperature of an animal, including human, and wherein, after the step of mixing the material for the first phase and the material for the second phase, the mixture is introduced into the body of the animal prior to the step of allowing the material for the first phase to solidify to a solid or semi solid state.
8. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix is shaped to partially or fully correspond with a shape of the target tissue location.
9. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the material for the first phase comprises one or more polymer and the material for the second phase comprises one or more polymer.
10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the insertion of the mixture into or onto a location of a target tissue is by injection prior to solidifying the mixture to form a porous matrix.