Acid strengthening of glass
Disclosed herein are methods for strengthening glass articles having strength-limiting surface flaws, together with strengthened glass articles produced by such methods, and electronic devices incorporating the strengthened glass articles. The methods generally involve contacting the glass articles with a substantially fluoride-free aqueous acidic treating medium for a time at least sufficient to increase the rupture failure points of the glass articles.
1. A method, comprising:
providing a glass article, comprising:
strength-limiting surface flaws having a first shape; and
a first rupture failure point; and
contacting the glass article with a treating medium to produce a strengthened glass article comprising a second rupture failure point, wherein
at least a subset of the strength-limiting surface flaws of the strengthened glass article have a second shape,
the contacting occurs for a time at least sufficient to render the second rupture failure point higher than the first rupture failure point,
the contacting occurs for a time at least sufficient to reduce a propagation tendency of the strength-limiting surface flaws but does not reduce an average thickness of the glass article by more than about 300 nanometers,
the treating medium comprises from about 0.001 to about 0.15 wt % of fluoride ions, and
the second shape comprises blunted crack tips.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising rinsing the strengthened glass article to remove the treating medium therefrom.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glass article comprises a silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, or boroaluminosilicate glass.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the glass article further comprises an alkali or alkaline earth modifier.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treating medium comprises HCl, HBr, HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 2 SO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , H 3 PO 2 , HOAc, citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, a mixture thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing acids.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treating medium comprises from about 0.001 to about 0.095 wt % of fluoride ions.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second rupture failure point is higher than the first rupture failure point by greater than or equal to about 10 percent.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the strengthened glass article has a resistance to impact breakage that is at least about 40 percent higher than a resistance to impact breakage of the glass article, as measured by a ball drop test.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glass article is an ion-exchange-strengthened glass article comprising a surface compressive stress layer extending inward from a surface thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second rupture failure point is higher than the first rupture failure point by greater than or equal to about 5 percent √{square root over (Ωπa)},
where √{square root over (Ωπa)} can be calculated from the equation K IC =σ f √{square root over (Ωπa)}, and where
K IC is the fracture toughness, a material constant,
σ f is the measured stress at failure,
Ω accounts for flaw geometry, free-surface effects, and form of loading, and
a is the flaw depth.
11. A method, comprising:
providing a glass article, comprising:
strength-limiting surface flaws having a first shape; and
a first rupture failure point; and
contacting the glass article with a treating medium to produce a strengthened glass article comprising a second rupture failure point, wherein
at least a subset of the strength-limiting surface flaws of the strengthened glass article have a second shape,
the contacting occurs for a time at least sufficient to render the second rupture failure point higher than the first rupture failure point,
the glass article is an ion-exchanged strengthened glass article comprising a surface compressive stress layer extending inward from a surface thereof,
the contacting occurs for a time insufficient to reduce a level of compressive stress in the surface compressive stress layer by more than about 4 percent,
the treating medium comprises from about 0.001 to about 0.15 wt % of fluoride ions, and
the second shape comprises blunted crack tips.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising rinsing the strengthened glass article to remove the treating medium therefrom.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the glass article comprises a silicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, or boroaluminosilicate glass.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the glass article further comprises an alkali or alkaline earth modifier.
15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the treating medium comprises HCl, HBr, HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 2 SO 3 , H 3 PO 4 , H 3 PO 2 , HOAc, citric acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, a mixture thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing acids.
16. The method of claim 11 , wherein the treating medium comprises from about 0.001 to about 0.095 wt % of fluoride ions.
17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second rupture failure point is higher than the first rupture failure point by greater than or equal to about 10 percent.
18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the strengthened glass article has a resistance to impact breakage that is at least about 40 percent higher than a resistance to impact breakage of the glass article, as measured by a ball drop test.
19. The method of claim 11 , wherein the second rupture failure point is higher than the first rupture failure point by greater than or equal to about 5 percent a √{square root over (Ωπa)},
where √{square root over (Ωπa)} can be calculated from the equation K IC =σ f √{square root over (Ωπa)}, and where
K IC is the fracture toughness, a material constant,
σ f is the measured stress at failure,
Ω accounts for flaw geometry, free-surface effects, and form of loading, and
a is the flaw depth.