Method and apparatus for measuring the concentration of a gas in exhaled air

1. An apparatus for monitoring the respiration of a subject, the apparatus comprising:

a gas concentration sensor configured to measure a concentration of a specified gas in exhaled air by the subject; and

a physical computer processor in communication with the sensor configured by machine-readable instructions such that the apparatus for monitoring the respiration electronically determines the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air at least by measuring the concentration of the specified gas in air exhaled from bronchia of the subject as distinct from gas from alveoli of the subject, the machine-readable instructions causing the physical computer processor to:

identify portions of the exhaled air that corresponds to air exhaled from an upper airway, the alveoli, and the bronchia of a respiratory tract of the subject;

activate the sensor, in response to identifying a portion of the exhaled air from the bronchia, to measure the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia; and

provide an output indicating the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia of the subject.

2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the sensor is configured to obtain samples of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia, and wherein the processor is configured to provide the output by selecting an appropriate one or ones of the samples that correspond to measurement of the air from the bronchia based on a timing of the samples taken during exhalation.

3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the processor is configured to examine the samples of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia to identify a peak or peaks in the samples of the concentration of the specified gas and to select an appropriate one or ones of the samples as those samples that represent the bronchia of the subject based on the timing of the peak or peaks in the concentration of the specified gas.

4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a time sensor configured to provide an indication of the timing of the exhalation of the subject; wherein the processor is configured to use the indication of the timing to identify the exhaled air from the bronchia.

5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the processor is further configured to use the indication of the timing to activate the sensor to obtain samples of the specified gas during exhalation of air from the bronchia, the alveoli, and the upper airway, and to provide the output for the bronchia, the alveoli, and the upper airway from the samples.

6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to determine the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia over a plurality of exhalations, and to provide the output as an average of the concentration of the specified gas over the plurality of exhalations.

7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the sensor is further configured to measure a concentration of the specified gas in air inhaled by the subject, and the processor is configured to obtain a level of the specified gas in the environment from the air inhaled by the subject and subtract the measurement of the concentration of the specified gas in the inhaled air from measurements of the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia.

8. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the sensor is configured to measure the concentration of the specified gas at regular intervals during exhalation of air from the bronchia.

9. The apparatus as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the sensor is configured to measure the concentration of the specified gas in volumes of 20 ml or less of the exhaled air from the bronchia.

10. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the sensor is configured to measure the concentration of nitric oxide, NO.

11. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured for use in monitoring subjects for asthma.

12. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the exhaled air from the bronchia includes dead-space air measured to diagnose asthma.

13. A method of monitoring respiration of a subject with a monitoring system, the monitoring system comprising a user interface, a sensor, and a physical computer processor, the method electronically determining a concentration of a specified gas in exhaled air at least by measuring the concentration of the specified gas in air exhaled from bronchia of the subject as distinct from gas from alveoli of the subject, the method comprising:

identifying, with the physical computer processor, a-portions of the exhaled air that corresponds to air exhaled from an upper airway, the alveoli, and the bronchia of a respiratory tract of the subject;

activating, in response to identifying a portion of the exhaled air from the bronchia with the physical computer processor, the sensor to measure a concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia; and

providing, with the physical computer processor, an output indicating the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia of the subject.

14. The apparatus as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the measured concentration of the specified gas includes nitric oxide.

15. An apparatus for monitoring the respiration of a subject, the apparatus comprising:

a gas concentration sensor configured to measure a concentration of a specified gas in exhaled air by the subject; and

a physical computer processor in communication with the sensor configured by machine-readable instructions to:

identify portions of the exhaled air that correspond to air exhaled from an upper airway, alveoli, and bronchia of a respiratory tract of the subject;

operate in a first mode to:

activate the sensor, in response to identifying a portion of the exhaled air from the bronchia, to measure the concentration of the specified gas in only the exhaled air from the bronchia to facilitate monitoring asthma in the subject; and

provide a first output indicating the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the bronchia of the subject; and

operate in a second mode to:

activate the sensor, in response to identifying a portion of the exhaled air from the alveoli, to measure the concentration of the specified gas in only the exhaled air from the alveoli to facilitate monitoring pneumonia in the subject; and

provide a second output indicating the concentration of the specified gas in the exhaled air from the alveoli of the subject.

16. The apparatus as claimed in claim 15 , further comprising a user interface configured to receive user selection of the portions of exhaled air that corresponds to air exhaled from the upper airway, the alveoli, and the bronchia such that the processor is configured to identify and cause sampling of the exhaled air that corresponds to air exhaled from the upper airway, the alveoli, and/or the bronchia of the subject based on the user selection.