Genetically modified mice and engraftment
A mouse with a humanization of the mIL-3 gene and the mGM-CSF gene, a knockout of a mRAG gene, and a knockout of a mIl2rg subunit gene; and optionally a humanization of the TPO gene is described. A RAG/Il2rg KO/hTPO knock-in mouse is described. A mouse engrafted with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that maintains a human immune cell (HIC) population derived from the HSCs and that is infectable by a human pathogen, e.g., S. typhi or M. tuberculosis is described. A mouse that models a human pathogen infection that is poorly modeled in mice is described, e.g., a mouse that models a human mycobacterial infection, wherein the mouse develops one or more granulomas comprising human immune cells. A mouse that comprises a human hematopoietic malignancy that originates from an early human hematopoietic cells is described, e.g., a myeloid leukemia or a myeloproliferative neoplasia.
1. A genetically modified mouse that is immunodeficient for a mouse immune system and comprises
(a) a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene, wherein the human IL-3 gene is at a mouse IL-3 gene locus and is operably linked to an IL-3 promoter; and
(b) a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene, wherein the human GM-CSF gene is at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus and is operably linked to a GM-CSF promoter.
2. The mouse according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse is deficient for mouse IL-3 and/or GM-CSF.
3. The mouse according to claim 1 , further comprising a human thrombopoietin (TPO) gene operably linked to a TPO promoter.
4. The mouse according to claim 3 , wherein the mouse is deficient for mouse TPO.
5. The mouse according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse is irradiated.
6. The mouse according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse is a NOD/SCID mouse.
7. The mouse according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse is null for a RAG gene.
8. The mouse according to claim 1 further comprising an engraftment of human hematopoietic cells.
9. The mouse according to claim 8 , wherein the human hematopoietic cells are selected from the group consisting of umbilical cord blood cells and fetal liver cells.
10. The mouse according to claim 9 , wherein the human hematopoietic cells are CD34+cells.
11. The mouse according to claim 8 , wherein the mouse comprises one or more human cells that is a CD34-positive cell, a hematopoietic stem cell, a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a myeloid precursor cell, a myeloid cell, a dendritic cell, a monocyte, a granulocyte, a neutrophil, a mast cell, a thymocyte, a T cell, a B cell, a platelet, or a combination thereof.
12. The mouse according to claim 11 , wherein the mouse has:
i) improved engraftment of human macrophages,
ii) enhanced mucosal immunity to viral infection, and/or
iii) enhanced inflammatory responses
as compared to engrafted mice that do not comprise a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene, wherein the human IL-3 gene is at a mouse IL-3 gene locus and is operably linked to an IL-3 promoter, and a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene, wherein the human GM-CSF gene is at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus and is operably linked to a GM-CSF promoter.
13. The mouse according to claim 8 , wherein the mouse comprises human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, human myeloid progenitor cells, human myeloid cells, human dendritic cells, human monocytes, human granulocytes, human neutrophils, human mast cells, human thymocytes, human T cells, human B cells, and human platelets.
14. The mouse according to claim 8 , comprising a Salmonella typhi infection.
15. The mouse according to claim 14 , wherein the Salmonella typhi infection is a systemic Salmonella typhi infection.
16. The mouse according to claim 8 , comprising a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
17. The mouse according to claim 16 , wherein the mouse comprises a granuloma that comprises a human immune cell.
18. A method for identifying an agent that inhibits a human pathogen infection, the method comprising:
a. administering an agent to a genetically modified mouse, wherein the mouse
i) is immunodeficient for a mouse immune system,
ii) comprises a replacement of a mouse IL-3 gene with a human IL-3 gene, wherein the human IL-3 gene is at a mouse IL-3 gene locus and is operably linked to an IL-3 promoter, and a replacement of a mouse GM-CSF gene with a human GM-CSF gene, wherein the human GM-CSF gene is at a mouse GM-CSF gene locus and is operably linked to a GM-CSF promoter,
iii) is engrafted with human umbilical cord blood cells or human fetal liver cells, and
iv) is infected with a human pathogen; and
b. determining whether the agent reduces the amount of the human pathogen in the human pathogen-infected mouse.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the mouse is deficient for mouse IL-3 and/or GM-CSF.
20. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the mouse further comprises a human TPO gene operably linked to a TPO promoter.
21. The method according to claim 20 , wherein the mouse is deficient for mouse TPO.
22. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the human pathogen is Salmonella typhi .
23. The method according to claim 18 , wherein the human pathogen is a mycobacterium, and the mycobacterium produces in the mouse a granuloma that comprises a human immune cell.
24. The method according to claim 23 , wherein the mycobacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis .
25. The mouse according to claim 1 , wherein the mouse is null for a mouse interleukin 2 receptor gamma (IL2rg) gene.