Toner, developer, and image forming apparatus
A toner, wherein the toner has glass transition temperature [Tg1st (toner)] of 20° C. to 50° C., where the glass transition temperature [Tg1st (toner)] is measured in a first heating in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the toner, wherein tetrahydrofuran (THF) insoluble matter of the toner has glass transition temperature [Tg2nd (THF insoluble matter)] of −40° C. to 30° C., where the glass transition temperature [Tg2nd (THF insoluble matter)] is measured in a second heating in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the tetrahydrofuran (THF) insoluble matter, wherein the THF insoluble matter has a storage modulus at 100° C. [G′(100) (THF insoluble matter)] of 1.0×10 5 Pa to 1.0×10 7 Pa, and wherein a ratio of a storage modulus of the THF insoluble matter at 40° C. [G′(40) (THF insoluble matter)] to the storage modulus of the THF insoluble matter at 100° C. [G′(100) (THF insoluble matter)] is 3.5×10 or less.
1. A toner, comprising:
a binder resin; and
tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter,
wherein the toner has a glass transition temperature Tg1st of 20° C. to 50° C., where the glass transition temperature Tg1st is measured in a first heating in differential scanning calorimetry of the toner,
wherein the tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter of the toner has a glass transition temperature Tg2nd of −40° C. to 30° C., where the glass transition temperature Tg2nd is measured in a second heating in differential scanning calorimetry of the tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter,
wherein the tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter has a storage modulus at 100° C. of 1.0×10 5 Pa to 1.0×10 7 Pa, and
wherein a ratio of a storage modulus of the tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter at 40° C. to the storage modulus of the tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter at 100° C. is 3.5×10 or less.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the toner has a second glass transition temperature of 0° C. to 30° C., as measured in a second heating in differential scanning calorimetry of the toner.
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein a tetrahydrofuran soluble matter of the toner has a glass transition temperature of 5° C. to 35° C., as measured in a second heating in differential scanning calorimetry of the tetrahydrofuran soluble matter.
4. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the toner has a storage modulus at 100° C. of 5.0×10 3 Pa to 5.0×10 4 Pa.
5. The toner according to claim 1 ,
wherein the toner comprises a non-crystalline polyester resin and a crystalline polyester resin as binder resins,
wherein the non-crystalline polyester resin comprises a dicarboxylic acid component as a constituent component, and
wherein the dicarboxylic acid component comprises terephthalic acid in an amount of 50 mol % or more.
6. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the toner comprises:
a crystalline polyester resin;
a non-crystalline polyester resin comprising a urethane bond, a urea bond, or both; and
a non-crystalline polyester resin that does not comprise a urethane bond or a urea bond.
7. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein an amount of the tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter in the toner is 15% by mass to 35% by mass.
8. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the tetrahydrofuran insoluble matter has a storage modulus at 100° C. of 5.0×10 5 Pa to 5.0×10 6 Pa.
9. A developer, comprising:
the toner according to claim 1 ; and
a carrier.
10. An image forming apparatus, comprising:
an electrostatic latent image bearing member;
an electrostatic latent image forming unit configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the electrostatic latent image bearing member; and
a developing unit containing a toner and configured to develop the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrostatic latent image bearing member to form a visible image,
wherein the toner is the toner according to claim 1 .