Toner
A toner having good development durability, storage stability, environmental stability, and low-temperature fixability is provided. The toner contains toner particles each including a surface layer that contains an organic silicon polymer. The organic silicon polymer contains a specific unit. In a chart obtained by 29 Si-NMR measurement of THF insoluble components of the toner particles, the ratio of a peak area attributable to a specific structure to the total peak area of the organic silicon polymer is 0.40 or more.
1. A toner comprising:
toner particles each including a surface layer that contains an organic silicon polymer, the organic silicon polymer including a unit represented by formula (1) or (2) below:
(in formula (2), L represents a methylene group, an ethylene group, or a phenylene group),
wherein, in a chart obtained by 29 Si-NMR measurement performed on THF insoluble components of the toner particles, a ratio SQ3 of a peak area attributable to a structure represented by formula (Q3) below to a total peak area of the organic silicon polymer satisfies mathematical formula (3) below:
R F —SiO 3/2 (Q3)
(in formula (Q3), R F represents one of structures represented by formulae (i) to (iv) below:
(in formulae (i) to (iv), * represents a bonding portion that bonds to the silicon atom, and in formulae (ii) and (iv), L independently represents a methylene group, an ethylene group, or a phenylene group)), and
SQ 3≧0.40 (3), and
wherein a silicon concentration at surfaces of the toner particles determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis conducted on the surfaces of the toner particles is 2.5 atomic % or more.
2. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein in the chart obtained by 29 Si-NMR measurement performed on the THF insoluble components of the toner particles, the ratio SQ3 and a ratio SQ2 of a peak area attributable to a structure represented by formula (Q2) below to the total peak area of the organic silicon polymer satisfy mathematical formula (4) below:
(in formula (Q2), R G and R H each independently represent at least one selected from structures represented by formulae (i) to (iv) above), and
( SQ 3 /SQ 2)≧1.00 (4).
3. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the organic silicon polymer is obtained by polymerizing a polymerizable monomer that contains a compound represented by formula (Z) below:
(in formula (Z), R 1 represents a structure represented by formula (i) or (ii) and R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 each independently represent a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, or an alkoxy group).
4. The toner according to claim 3 , wherein R 1 in formula (Z) represents a vinyl group or an allyl group.
5. The toner according to claim 3 , wherein R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 in formula (Z) each independently represent an alkoxy group.
6. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon concentration at surfaces of the toner particles determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis conducted on the surfaces of the toner particles is 5.0 atomic % or more.
7. The toner according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon concentration at surfaces of the toner particles determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis conducted on the surfaces of the toner particles is 10.0 atomic % or more.