Estimation of resistance in electrical machines
In an electrical machine which has unidirectional excitation applied to its windings, the mean values of voltage and current can be computed from the instantaneous phase voltage and current by the use of, for example, low-pass filters (in either the analogue or digital domain). The value of winding resistance can then be calculated by dividing the mean voltage by the mean current. This avoids the cost, fragility and potential inaccuracy of conventional temperature sensors, and provides the controller with an ongoing estimate of winding temperature.
1. A method for estimating at least one of resistance and temperature of a winding of an electrical machine while the machine is operating, the method comprising:
energising the winding to cause a unidirectional current to flow in the winding to operate the machine, the unidirectional current and a resulting winding voltage across the winding each having a low-frequency component with a frequency content below a limit frequency and a high-frequency component with a frequency content above the limit frequency;
deriving a first signal indicative of a magnitude of the low-frequency component of the winding voltage;
deriving a second signal indicative of a magnitude of the low-frequency component of the unidirectional current; and
deriving a third signal indicative of at least one of resistance and temperature of the winding using the first and second signals.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the energising of the winding is periodically switched on and off at a switching frequency and the limit frequency does not exceed the switching frequency.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 , in which the limit frequency is less than 10 Hz.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising deriving the first and second signals using respective low-pass filters.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the low-pass filters are passive filters.
6. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising deriving the first and second signals using digital processing.
7. A drive system comprising:
an electrical machine comprising a winding;
a controller configured to energise the winding to cause a unidirectional current to flow in the winding to operate the machine, the unidirectional current and a resulting winding voltage across the winding each having a low-frequency component with a frequency content below a limit frequency and a high-frequency component with a frequency content above the limit frequency;
a voltage sensor for sensing the winding voltage;
a current sensor for sensing the unidirectional current; and
a temperature analyser coupled to the voltage and current sensors and configured to:
derive a first signal indicative of a magnitude of the low-frequency component of the winding voltage;
derive a second signal indicative of a magnitude of the low-frequency component of the unidirectional current; and
derive a third signal indicative of at least one of resistance and temperature of the winding using the first and second signals.
8. The system as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the controller is configured to periodically switch energisation of the winding on and off at a switching frequency and the limit frequency does not exceed the switching frequency.
9. The system as claimed in claim 7 , in which the limit frequency is less than 10 Hz.
10. The system as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the temperature analyser comprises respective low-pass filters for deriving the first and second signals.
11. The system as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the low-pass filters are passive filters.
12. The system as claimed in claim 7 , the temperature analyser being configured to derive the first and second signals using digital processing.
13. A system for estimating at least one of resistance and temperature of a winding of an electrical machine while the machine is operating, the system comprising:
means for energising the winding to cause a unidirectional current to flow in the winding to operate the machine, the unidirectional current, and a resulting winding voltage across the winding, each having a low-frequency component with a frequency content below a limit frequency and a high-frequency component with a frequency content above the limit frequency;
means for deriving a first signal indicative of a magnitude of the low-frequency component of the winding voltage;
means for deriving a second signal indicative of a magnitude of the low-frequency component of the unidirectional current; and
means for deriving a third signal indicative of at least one of resistance and temperature of the winding using the first and second signals.
14. The system as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the means for energising is configured to periodically switch energisation of the winding on and off at a switching frequency and the limit frequency does not exceed the switching frequency.
15. The system as claimed in claim 13 , in which the limit frequency is less than 10 Hz.
16. The system as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the means for deriving the first and second signals comprises respective low-pass filters.
17. The system as claimed in claim 16 , wherein the low-pass filters are passive filters.
18. The system as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the means for deriving the first and second signals use digital processing to derive the first and second signals.