Chiral polymers for the self-assembly of photonic crystals
Described herein are copolymers constructed from chiral, non-racemic monomers, which self-assemble to photonic crystals. The difficulty of incorporating chiral elements into photonic crystals has limited the ability to generate unique bandstructures for different circular polarizations of light. The materials and methods described herein relate to easily, predictably fabricating chiral photonic crystals having desirable optical properties.
1. A chiral photonic crystal, comprising:
a copolymer having a main chain and a plurality of side groups, each side group bound to a monomer unit of the main chain; wherein
the main chain comprises polynorbornene or polyacetylene;
each side group comprises (i) a chiral, non-racemic polyisocyanate or (ii) a dendrimer;
the copolymer self-assembles into a chiral photonic crystal through microphase segregation; and
the chiral photonic crystal reflects circularly polarized light of a first wavelength to a different extent depending on the direction of circular polarization of the circularly polarized light.
2. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein the photonic crystal has a photonic bandgap in the ultraviolet spectrum, in the visible spectrum, in the near-infrared spectrum, or in the infrared spectrum.
3. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein each side group comprises a chiral, non-racemic polyisocyanate.
4. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein each side group comprises a chiral, non-racemic polyisocyanate; and the chiral non-racemic polyisocyanate forms a one-handed helical strand.
5. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein each side group comprises a chiral, non-racemic polyisocyanate; and the main chain is polyacetylene polymerized from substituted 1,6-heptadiyne monomer units.
6. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein each side group comprises a chiral, non-racemic polyisocyanate resulting from copolymerizing hexyl isocyanate with (R)-2,6-dimethylheptyl isocyanate.
7. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein the side groups of the copolymer are covalently linked to chiral moieties.
8. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein the side groups of the copolymer are covalently linked to chiral macromolecules.
9. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein the copolymer has a chirality resulting from supramolecular organization of the side groups.
10. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein the main chain comprises polynorbornene.
11. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein the main chain comprises polyacetylene.
12. The chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 , wherein the side groups are dendrimers.
13. A thin film comprising a chiral photonic crystal of claim 1 .
14. A method of forming a chiral photonic crystal according to claim 1 , comprising:
providing a plurality of polymeric molecules that rotate polarized light, each molecule containing a reactive terminal monomer unit;
polymerizing the reactive terminal monomer units to form a copolymer comprising a main chain comprising polynorbornene or polyacetylene formed by the polymerized terminal monomer units and polymeric side groups comprising (i) a chiral, non-racemic polyisocyanate or (ii) a dendrimer; and
fostering self-assembly of the copolymer into a chiral photonic crystal through microphase segregation.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the chiral photonic crystal has a photonic bandgap in the ultraviolet spectrum, in the visible spectrum, in the near-infrared spectrum, or in the infrared spectrum.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein polymerizing is conducted by ring-closing alkyne polymerization or by ruthenium-mediated ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising forming a thin film of the copolymer.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein forming the thin film comprises evaporating a solution of the copolymer.