High efficiency iron electrode and additives for use in rechargeable iron-based batteries
An iron electrode and a method of manufacturing an iron electrode for use in an iron-based rechargeable battery are disclosed. In one embodiment, the iron electrode includes carbonyl iron powder and one of a metal sulfide additive or metal oxide additive selected from the group of metals consisting of bismuth, lead, mercury, indium, gallium, and tin for suppressing hydrogen evolution at the iron electrode during charging of the iron-based rechargeable battery. An iron-air rechargeable battery including an iron electrode comprising carbonyl iron is also disclosed, as is an iron-air battery wherein at least one of the iron electrode and the electrolyte includes an organosulfur additive.
1. An iron electrode for use in an iron-based rechargeable battery, the iron electrode comprising carbonyl iron, a polymeric binder, and an additive for suppressing hydrogen evolution at the iron electrode during charging of the iron-based rechargeable battery, wherein the additive includes bismuth sulfide in an amount from 5 to 10 w/w % bismuth sulfide of the weight of the iron electrode.
2. The iron electrode of claim 1 , wherein the iron electrode comprises approximately 76 w/w % carbonyl iron, approximately 10 w/w % soluble additive, approximately 9 w/w % polymeric binder, and approximately 5 w/w % bismuth sulfide.
3. The iron electrode of claim 1 , further comprising an organosulfur additive.
4. The electrode of claim 3 , wherein the organosulfur additive is an alkanethiol.
5. The electrode of claim 4 , wherein the alkanethiol has a chain length in the range of n=6 to n=8.
6. The iron electrode of claim 3 , wherein the organosulfur additive is selected from the group consisting of linear and cyclic thiols, dithiols, and thioethers.
7. The iron electrode of claim 6 , wherein the organosulfur additive is selected from the group consisting of 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol, p-dithiane, 1,2-ethanedithiol, bismethylthiomethane, 1-octanethiol, sodium propanethiolate, and hexanethiol.
8. The iron electrode of claim 1 having approximately 50-99 w/w % carbonyl iron and approximately 5-30 w/w % polymeric binder.
9. The iron electrode of claim 1 made by the method comprising:
combining carbonyl iron powder with a polymeric binder to create a mixture;
coating a metallic grid with the mixture; and
heating and applying pressure to the grid to form the iron electrode, the iron electrode being a pressed-plate iron electrode.
10. An iron-air rechargeable battery, comprising:
an iron electrode comprising carbonyl iron, a polymeric binder, and bismuth sulfide, wherein the bismuth sulfide is present in an amount from 5 to 10 w/w % bismuth sulfide of the weight of the iron electrode;
an air electrode spaced from the iron electrode; and
an electrolyte in contact with the iron electrode and the air electrode.
11. The iron-air rechargeable battery of claim 10 , wherein at least one of the iron electrode and the electrolyte includes an organosulfur additive.
12. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the organosulfur additive is an alkanethiol.
13. The battery of claim 12 , wherein the alkanethiol has a chain length in the range of n=6 to n=8.
14. The iron-air rechargeable battery of claim 11 , wherein the organosulfur additive is selected from the group consisting of linear and cyclic thiols, dithiols, and thioethers.
15. The iron-air rechargeable battery of claim 14 , wherein the organosulfur additive is selected from the group consisting of 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol, p-dithiane, 1,2-ethanedithiol, bismethylthiomethane, 1-octanethiol, sodium propanethiolate, and hexanethiol.
16. An iron-air rechargeable battery, comprising:
an iron electrode that includes bismuth sulfide in an amount from 5 to 10 w/w % bismuth sulfide of the weight of the iron electrode;
an air electrode spaced from the iron electrode; and
an electrolyte in contact with the iron electrode and the air electrode, wherein the iron electrode includes carbonyl iron and a polymeric binder and at least one of the iron electrode and the electrolyte includes an organosulfur additive.
17. The battery of claim 16 , wherein the organosulfur additive is an alkanethiol.
18. The battery of claim 17 , wherein the alkanethiol has a chain length in the range of n=6 to n=8.
19. The iron-air rechargeable battery of claim 16 , wherein the organosulfur additive is selected from the group consisting of linear and cyclic thiols, dithiols, and thioethers.
20. The iron-air rechargeable battery of claim 19 , wherein the organosulfur additive is selected from the group consisting of 3,6-dioxa-1,8-octanedithiol, p-dithiane, 1,2-ethanedithiol, bismethylthiomethane, 1-octanethiol, sodium propanethiolate, and hexanethiol.