Surface contouring of a weld cap and adjacent base metal using ultrasonic impact treatment
A method for forming a smooth interface between a weld cap and an adjacent base metal utilizing ultrasonic impact treatment. The method improves the geometric profile of a weld while imparting a compressive residual stress layer on the weld metal and base metal thereby alleviating the tensile residual stresses imparted to the metals during welding. The contouring process does not remove material, as in grinding, but plastically deforms the surface being treated producing a densified surface, in turn providing a smooth weld cap and base metal surface finish without the loss of base or weld metal thickness.
1. A method for modifying a weld seam, the weld seam including a weld metal, a base metal, and a first weld metal to base metal interface, wherein the weld metal forms a weld cap produced by one or more cap weld passes, the method comprising:
imparting a contour to the weld seam by introducing pulses of ultrasonic wave energy into the weld seam through periodic ultrasonic mechanical impulse impacts,
wherein the periodic ultrasonic mechanical impulse impacts are introduced to the weld seam by a tool including one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements, and
wherein the imparting the contour to the weld seam includes performing a first pass along the weld seam, whereby the one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements are applied to the weld metal and moved along a length of the weld seam in a first orbital pattern.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the first pass is a first roughing pass that imparts a texture to the weld cap.
3. The method according to claim 2 wherein the first orbital pattern is essentially centered along a longitudinal axis of the weld seam.
4. The method according to claim 2 further comprising texturing the weld cap and the first weld metal to base metal interface by performing a second roughing pass, whereby the one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements are applied to the weld metal, the base metal, and the first weld metal to base metal interface, and moved along a length of the weld seam in a second orbital pattern.
5. The method according to claim 4 wherein the second orbital pattern is essentially centered along the first weld metal to base metal interface.
6. The method according to claim 4 wherein the second orbital pattern does not extend completely across the weld cap.
7. The method according to claim 4 further comprising, following the second roughing pass, visually inspecting the weld seam for longitudinally extending lines about the first weld metal to base metal interface, which are indicative of insufficient smoothing of the first weld metal to base metal interface, and if the longitudinally extending lines are visible, repeating the second roughing pass.
8. The method according to claim 4 further comprising texturing the weld cap and a second weld metal to base metal interface that is opposite the first weld metal to base metal interface by performing a third roughing pass whereby the one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements are applied to the weld metal, the base metal and the second weld metal to base metal interface and moved along a length of the weld seam in a third orbital pattern.
9. The method according to claim 8 wherein following the first roughing pass, the second roughing pass, and the third roughing pass, the weld seam exhibits a dimpled pattern.
10. The method according to claim 8 wherein the first roughing pass blends the weld metal of a first cap weld pass with the weld metal of a second cap weld pass, and the second roughing pass and the third roughing pass blend the weld metal with the base metal.
11. The method according to claim 8 further comprising decreasing a surface roughness of the weld cap, the first weld metal to base metal interface, and the second weld metal to base metal interface by performing a fourth set of contouring passes, whereby the one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements are applied to the weld metal, the base metal, the first weld metal to base metal interface, and the second weld metal to base metal interface and moved along a length of the weld seam.
12. The method according to claim 11 wherein the fourth set of contouring passes include a first orbital patterned pass essentially centered on a longitudinal axis of the weld seam, a second orbital patterned pass essentially centered on the first weld metal to base metal interface, and a third orbital patterned pass essentially centered over the second weld metal to base metal interface.
13. The method according to claim 12 wherein the first orbital patterned pass does not extend across the first weld metal to base metal interface or the second weld metal to base metal interface, the a second orbital patterned pass does not extend over the longitudinal axis of the weld seam, and the third orbital patterned pass does not extend over the longitudinal axis of the weld seam.
14. The method according to claim 11 wherein the fourth set of contouring passes smoothes a dimpled pattern in the weld seam.
15. The method according to claim 11 wherein movable impacting elements of the one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements used for performing the fourth set of contouring passes have larger diameters than movable impacting elements of the one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements used for performing the first roughing pass, the second roughing pass, and the fourth roughing pass.
16. The method according to claim 11 further comprising decreasing a surface roughness of the weld cap, the first weld metal to base metal interface, and the second weld metal to base metal interface by performing a fifth set of contouring passes, whereby the one or more ultrasonically movable impacting elements are applied to the weld metal, the base metal, the first weld metal to base metal interface, and the second weld metal to base metal interface and moved along a length of the weld seam,
the fifth set of contouring passes including a fourth orbital patterned pass essentially centered on a longitudinal axis of the weld seam and extending across the first weld metal to base metal interface and the second weld metal to base metal interface, a fifth orbital patterned pass essentially centered on the first weld metal to base metal interface that extends over the longitudinal axis of the weld seam, and a sixth orbital patterned pass essentially centered over the second weld metal to base metal interface and that extends over the longitudinal axis of the weld seam.
17. The method according to claim 1 wherein the contour includes a smooth first weld metal to base metal interface surface.
18. The method according to claim 1 wherein the contour includes a smooth weld cap.
19. The method according to claim 1 wherein the contour includes a flat first weld metal to base metal interface surface.