Methods and apparatus for detecting ice formation on aircraft
In one aspect, methods of detecting ice formation on an aircraft are described herein. In some implementations, a method of detecting ice formation on an aircraft comprises disposing an ice detector on an exterior surface of the aircraft, the ice detector comprising a probe surface and a pyroelectric material layer disposed on at least a portion of the probe surface. The method further comprises generating a charge on a surface of the pyroelectric material layer of the ice detector to increase the local freezing point of water on the surface of the pyroelectric material layer.
1. A method of detecting ice formation on an aircraft comprising:
disposing an ice detector on an exterior surface of the aircraft, the ice detector comprising a probe surface and a pyroelectric material layer disposed on at least a portion of the probe surface; and
generating a charge on a surface of the pyroelectric material layer to increase the local freezing point of water on the surface of the pyroelectric material layer.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing a signal in response to the formation of ice on the surface of the pyroelectric material layer.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ice detector is disposed on the exterior surface of the forward fuselage section of the aircraft.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ice detector is an accretion-type ice detector.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pyroelectric material layer is a continuous or substantially continuous layer.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pyroelectric material layer is a tiled layer.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pyroelectric material layer is formed from LiTaO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BaTiO 3 , (Sr x Ba 1-x )TiO 3 , SrZrO 3 , BaZrO 3 , (Sr x Ba 1-x )ZrO 3 , PbZrO 3 , SrNb 2 O 6 , BaNb 2 O 6 , (Sr x Ba 1-x )Nb 2 O 6 , Pb(Sc 0.5 Ta 0.5 )O 3 , or a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the local freezing point of water on the surface of the pyroelectric material layer is greater than the local freezing point of water on one or more aircraft flight surfaces.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more aircraft flight surfaces comprise a wing leading edge, an empennage leading edge, or an engine inlet leading edge.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charge generated on the surface of the pyroelectric material layer is a positive charge.
11. An ice detector comprising:
a probe surface; and
a pyroelectric material layer disposed on at least a portion of the probe surface, wherein the surface of the pyroelectric material layer is configured, when charged, to exhibit a local freezing point of water that is greater than a local freezing point of water exhibited by the probe surface in the absence of the pyroelectric material layer.
12. The detector of claim 11 further comprising an adhesive material layer disposed between the probe surface and the pyroelectric material layer.
13. The detector of claim 11 , wherein the ice detector is an accretion-type ice detector.
14. The detector of claim 11 , wherein the probe surface is part of a magnetostrictive detector architecture.
15. The detector of claim 11 , wherein the pyroelectric material layer is formed from LiTaO 3 , SrTiO 3 , BaTiO 3 , (Sr x Ba 1-x )TiO 3 , SrZrO 3 , BaZrO 3 , (Sr x Ba 1-x )ZrO 3 , PbZrO 3 , SrNb 2 O 6 , BaNb 2 O 6 , (Sr x Ba 1-x )Nb 2 O 6 , Pb(Sc 0.5 Ta 0.5 )O 3 , or a combination thereof.
16. The detector of claim 11 , wherein the pyroelectric material layer is positively charged.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the probe surface exhibits an electrical conductivity of at least 1.0×10 −3 S/m at 20° C. and a thermal diffusivity of no greater than 10×10 −3 cm 2 /sec.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein a pyroelectric material of the pyroelectric material layer has a total pyroelectric constant of −20 C/m 2 K to −800 C/m 2 K.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the local freezing point of water on the surface of the pyroelectric material layer when positively charged is greater than a local freezing point of water exhibited by an aircraft flight surface by between 3° C. and 15° C.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the charge on the surface of the pyroelectric material layer is generated while the aircraft is in flight.