Process for the controlled introduction of oil into food products
A process for the application of a predetermined amount of oil to food pieces comprises: (a) providing or receiving a plurality of cut or shaped food pieces; (b) applying an oil-water emulsion to the food pieces for a time sufficient to provide a predetermined amount of oil to the food pieces and so that the food pieces have an initial moisture level after applying the oil-water emulsion; and (c) reducing the initial moisture level, in the absence of frying in oil, to a moisture level of from about 0.2 to about 80% by weight to provide a cooked food product, comprising said predetermined amount of oil, wherein step (c) does not comprises frying the food pieces in hot oil.
1. A process for the application of a predetermined amount of oil to food pieces, comprising:
(a) providing a plurality of cut or shaped food pieces;
(b) treating the food pieces with an enzyme treatment consisting of an effective amount of at least one starch-degrading enzyme;
(c) blanching the treated food pieces to deactivate the starch-degrading enzyme;
(d) applying an emulsion consisting essentially of oil and water to the blanched treated food pieces for a time sufficient to provide a predetermined amount of oil to the food pieces and so that the food pieces have an initial moisture level after applying the oil-water emulsion; and
(e) reducing the initial moisture level by heating the emulsion-treated food pieces in at least one oven or drier wherein the pieces are heated in two stages at an oven/drier temperature of about 375° F. to about 400° F. for a time of about 2 to about 20 minutes, and then at an oven/drier temperature of about 200° F. to about 275° F. for a time of about 5 to about 14 minutes to a final moisture level of from about 0.2 to about 10% by weight to provide a finished food product, wherein the food pieces are not cooked/fried in hot oil, and wherein the finished food product has the taste, texture and/or appearance of a finished food product made by a step wherein the food pieces are cooked/fried in hot oil, less than 150 ppb acrylamide.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the oil content of the oil-water emulsion is selected according to the equation:
f
oe
=
f
o
f
co
×
f
s
(
1
+
f
o
+
f
w
)
where f oe is the fraction, by weight, of oil in the oil-water emulsion, f o is the fraction, by weight, of oil on the food product, f co is the fractional carry-over rate of oil from the oil-water emulsion onto the food pieces, f s is the fractional solids content, by weight, of the food pieces, and f w is the water fraction, by weight, in the food product.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the oil-water emulsion applied to the food pieces comprises about 5 wt-% to about 85 wt-% oil.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein applying the oil-water emulsion to the food pieces comprises immersing the food pieces in the oil-water emulsion.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the food pieces are immersed in the oil-water emulsion for about 2 seconds to about 15 seconds at an emulsion temperature from about 20° F. to about 150° F.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the food pieces are fruit pieces or vegetable pieces.
7. The process according to claim 6 , whereby the food pieces comprise yams, carrots, taro, potatoes, or sweet potatoes.
8. The process according to claim 7 , whereby the food pieces comprise potato slices or sticks.
9. The process of claim 1 , further comprising rinsing the food pieces with water and drying the food pieces prior to applying the emulsion to the food pieces.
10. The process of claim 1 , further comprising preparing the emulsion by mixing oil and water by at least one of homogenizing, sonolation, agitating, or running oil and water through one or a series of pumps.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the emulsion is prepared without an exogenous emulsifier or surfactant.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the drying at the first stage lowers the moisture content of the food pieces to about 40 wt. to about 70 wt-%.
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the fat content of the food product is up to about 30 wt-%.
14. A food product prepared by the process of claim 1 .
15. The process of claim 1 wherein the enzyme comprises amylase and/or amyloglucosidase.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the final moisture level is reduced to about 0.5 to about 5% by weight.
17. The food product prepared by the process of claim 1 that is a potato chip.