Optical filter and spectrometer
An optical filter is disclosed including two laterally variable bandpass filters stacked at a fixed distance from each other, so that the upstream filter functions as a spatial filter for the downstream filter. This happens because an oblique beam transmitted by the upstream filter is displaced laterally when impinging on the downstream filter. The lateral displacement causes a suppression of the oblique beam when transmission passbands at impinging locations of the oblique beam onto the upstream and downstream filters do not overlap.
1. An optical filter comprising:
an upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter; and
a downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter;
wherein the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter is sequentially disposed downstream of the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter and separated by a distance L along an optical path of an optical beam,
wherein the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters each have a bandpass center wavelength that gradually varies in a mutually coordinated fashion along a first direction transverse to the optical path, thereby providing for each bandpass center wavelength having a same dependence, and
wherein a dependence of spectral selectivity of the optical filter on a degree of collimation of the optical beam is less than a corresponding dependence of spectral selectivity of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter on the degree of collimation of the optical beam.
2. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the bandpass center wavelengths of the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters are monotonically increasing in the first direction.
3. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the bandpass center wavelengths of the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters are non-linearly increasing in the first direction.
4. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the bandpass center wavelengths of the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters have a substantially identical dependence of the bandpass center wavelength on an x-coordinate along the first direction.
5. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein a lateral distance Δx 1 along the first direction, corresponding to a bandwidth of the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter, is larger than a lateral distance Δx 2 along the first direction, corresponding to a bandwidth of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter.
6. The optical filter of claim 1 , further comprising:
a transparent medium having a refractive index n between the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters.
7. The optical filter of claim 6 , wherein L/n is greater than 0.2 mm and less than 15 mm.
8. The optical filter of claim 6 , wherein L/n=Δx 1 /0, wherein Δx 1 is a lateral distance along the first direction, corresponding to a bandwidth of the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter, and 0 is an angle of acceptance of the optical filter.
9. The optical filter of claim 6 , wherein
the transparent medium comprises a transparent substrate, and
the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters are disposed on opposite sides of the transparent substrate.
10. The optical filter of claim 6 , wherein the refractive index n varies along the first direction.
11. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the bandpass center wavelengths of the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters are aligned with each other, such that a line connecting positions corresponding to a same bandpass center wavelength of the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters forms an angle of less than 45 degrees with a normal to the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter.
12. The optical filter of claim 11 , wherein the angle varies along the first direction.
13. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters are disposed at an angle to each other, so that the distance L varies along the first direction.
14. The optical filter of claim 1 , further comprising:
an aperture, disposed in the optical path, having a width varying in the first direction.
15. The optical filter of claim 1 , further comprising:
a spectral response flattening filter disposed in the optical path for flattening a spectral response of the optical filter.
16. The optical filter of claim 15 , wherein the spectral response flattening filter is disposed on the upstream or downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter or therebetween.
17. The optical filter of claim 1 , further comprising:
an additional laterally variable bandpass optical filter in the optical path,
the additional laterally variable bandpass optical filter having a bandpass center wavelength varying in a coordinated fashion with the bandpass center wavelengths of the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters.
18. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters each comprise a bandpass center wavelength and a 3 dB passband no greater than 10% of a corresponding center bandpass wavelength.
19. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the upstream or downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters comprises thin film layers comprising three or more different materials.
20. The optical filter of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the upstream or downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters comprises:
a thin film layer stack,
a sub-wavelength grating, or
a dichroic polymer.
21. An optical spectrometer comprising:
an optical filter comprising:
an upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter;
a downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter;
wherein the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter is sequentially disposed downstream of the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter and separated by a distance L along an optical path of an optical beam,
wherein the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters each have a bandpass center wavelength that gradually varies in a mutually coordinated fashion along a first direction transverse to the optical path, thereby providing for each bandpass center wavelength having a same dependence, and
wherein a dependence of spectral selectivity of the optical filter on a degree of collimation of the optical beam is less than a corresponding dependence of spectral selectivity of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter on the degree of collimation of the optical beam; and
an optical sensor disposed in the optical path downstream of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter.
22. The optical spectrometer of claim 21 , further comprising:
a light source for providing the optical beam, wherein the optical beam comprises converging or diverging rays.
23. The optical spectrometer of claim 21 , further comprising:
a diffuser disposed in the optical path upstream of the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter for increasing uniform intensity distribution of the optical beam on the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter.
24. The optical spectrometer of claim 21 , wherein the optical sensor comprises a photodetector array having pixels disposed along the first direction.
25. The optical spectrometer of claim 24 , wherein
the photodetector array comprises a two-dimensional array of pixels disposed so that when the optical beam is monochromatic,
a spectral line is formed on the photodetector array, and
the spectral line forms an acute angle with rows of the photodetector array.
26. The optical spectrometer of claim 24 , wherein
the photodetector array comprises a two-dimensional array of pixels,
the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters each comprise a plurality of segments arranged side by side in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and
each segment of the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter corresponds to a segment of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter for operation in a dedicated wavelength region.
27. The optical spectrometer of claim 24 , further comprising:
a focusing element disposed in the optical path between the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter and the photodetector array for focusing the optical beam on the photodetector array.
28. The optical spectrometer of claim 24 , wherein the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter is in contact with the photodetector array.
29. The optical spectrometer of claim 21 , further comprising:
an enclosure comprising a window disposed in the optical path for inputting the optical beam, wherein
the window comprises the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter, and
the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters are separated by a gap.
30. A method comprising:
filtering an optical beam with an optical filter comprising an upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter,
wherein the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter is sequentially disposed downstream of the upstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter and separated by a distance L along an optical path of an optical beam,
wherein the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters each have a bandpass center wavelength that gradually varies in a mutually coordinated fashion along a first direction transverse to the optical path, thereby providing for each bandpass center wavelength having a same dependence, and
wherein a dependence of spectral selectivity of the optical filter on a degree of collimation of the optical beam is less than a corresponding dependence of spectral selectivity of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter on the degree of collimation of the optical beam; and detecting optical power distribution along the first direction downstream of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the optical power distribution is detected using a photodetector array.
32. The method of claim 31 further comprising:
depositing the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter on the photodetector array.
33. The method of claim 32 , further comprising:
potting the photodetector array with a potting material to insulate the photodetector array while not obscuring a clear aperture of the downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filter.
34. The optical spectrometer of claim 21 , where the optical filter further includes a transparent medium having a refractive index n between the upstream and downstream laterally variable bandpass optical filters.