Delivery of contrasting agents for magnetic resonance imaging
Erythrocytes exposed to dialysis with an hypotonic buffer stably take up superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and may be used MRI contrast agents. Such erythrocytes may also be used as drug delivery vehicles.
1. A method for magnetic resonance imaging, said method comprising:
administering a preparation comprising a plurality of erythrocytes to a subject in need thereof, and thereafter
subjecting said subject to magnetic resonance imaging,
wherein the plurality of erythrocytes comprises viable erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide (SPIO),
wherein the SPIO is substantially encapsulated within the cytosol of the erythrocytes such that the erythrocytes are not recognized by macrophages unless they are at the end of their physiological life,
wherein the amount of SPIO present in the preparation is sufficient that the preparation is useful as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent,
wherein the erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide are viable in vivo having a half-life similar to the half-life of native erythrocytes, and
wherein the SPIO is coated with carboxydextran.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the amount of SPIO in the erythrocytes is between about 1 mM and 40 mM.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the average total particle size of the SPIO is no greater than 80-90 nm.
4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the erythrocytes comprise one or more drugs.
5. A method according to claim 4 , wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of: anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive drugs, antiviral drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anticancer drugs, oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, peptide nucleic acids, photosensitizing drugs, infra red fluorescent agents, and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the SPIO has the general formula Fe 2 3+ O 3 M 2+ O where M 2+ is a divalent metal cation.
7. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the SPIO is magnetite (M 2+ is ferrous iron).
8. A method according to claim 6 , wherein M 2+ is selected from the group consisting of: ferrous iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, and magnesium.
9. A method for the treatment of a condition wherein the erythrocytes are localisable by external magnetic force in the vicinity of an area to be treated, said method comprising:
administering a preparation comprising a plurality of erythrocytes to a subject in need thereof, and thereafter
exposing said subject to an external magnetic force in the vicinity of the area to be treated,
wherein the plurality of erythrocytes comprises viable erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide (SPIO),
wherein the SPIO is substantially encapsulated within the cytosol of the erythrocytes such the erythrocytes are not recognized by macrophages unless they are at the end of their physiological life,
wherein the amount of SPIO present in the preparation is sufficient that the preparation is useful as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent,
wherein the erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide are viable in vivo having a half-life similar to the half-life of native erythrocytes, and
wherein the SPIO is coated with carboxydextran.
10. A method of resonance imaging, comprising:
administering viable erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide (SPIO) to a subject in need thereof, and thereafter
subjecting said subject to magnetic resonance imaging,
wherein the SPIO is substantially encapsulated within the cytosol of the erythrocytes such that the erythrocytes are not recognized by macrophages unless they are at the end of their physiological life,
wherein the erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide are viable in vivo having a half-life similar to the half-life of native erythrocytes, and
wherein the SPIO is coated with carboxydextran.
11. A method according to claim 10 , wherein erythrocytes are:
removed from a patient,
separated from other blood cells,
loaded with SPIO to produce viable erythrocytes containing SPIO,
wherein the SPIO is substantially encapsulated within the cytosol of the erythrocytes such that the erythrocytes are not recognized by macrophages unless they are at the end of their physiological life,
the loaded erythrocytes are thereafter reintroduced into the patient, and
wherein the erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide are viable in vivo having a half-life similar to the half-life of native erythrocytes.
12. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the amount of SPIO in the erythrocytes is between about 1 mM and 40 mM.
13. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the average total particle size of the SPIO is no greater than 80-90 nm.
14. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the erythrocytes comprise one or more drugs.
15. A method according to claim 14 , wherein the drug is selected from the group consisting of: anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressive drugs, antiviral drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anticancer drugs, oligonucleotides, monoclonal antibodies, peptides, peptide nucleic acids, photosensitizing drugs, infrared fluorescent agents, and mixtures of any two or more thereof.
16. A method according to claim 10 , wherein the SPIO has the general formula Fe 2 3+ O 3 M 2+ O where M 2+ is a divalent metal cation.
17. A method according to claim 16 , wherein the SPIO is magnetite (M 2+ is ferrous iron).
18. A method according to claim 16 , wherein M 2+ is selected from the group consisting of: ferrous iron, manganese, nickel, cobalt, and magnesium.
19. A method of increasing the resonance imaging resolution of superparamagnetic iron oxide, comprising:
substantially encapsulating said superparamagnetic iron oxide within the cytosol of the erythrocytes as to produce viable erythrocytes that are not recognizable by macrophages unless they are at the end of their physiological life, and
resonance imaging said erythrocytes in vivo,
wherein the erythrocytes that contain superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide are viable in vivo having a half-life similar to the half-life of native erythrocytes, and
wherein the SPIO is coated with carboxydextran.
20. A method for magnetic resonance imaging, said method comprising:
administering a preparation comprising a plurality of erythrocytes to a subject in need thereof, and thereafter
subjecting said subject to magnetic resonance imaging,
wherein the plurality of erythrocytes comprises viable erythrocytes that contain monodispersed superparamagnetic nanoparticulate iron oxide (SPIO),
wherein the SPIO is substantially encapsulated within the cytosol of the erythrocytes by dialysing a preparation of said erythrocytes against a hypotonic buffer having an osmolarity of between 60 and 120 mOsm,
wherein the amount of SPIO present in the preparation is sufficient that the preparation is useful as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, and
wherein the SPIO is coated with carboxydextran.