Process for the enzymatic regeneration of redox cofactors
A process for the enzymatic regeneration of the redox cofactors NAD + /NADH and NADP + /NADPH in a one-pot reaction, wherein, as a result of at least two further enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions proceeding in the same reaction batch (product-forming reactions), one of the two redox cofactors accumulates in its reduced form and, respectively, the other one in its oxidized form, characterized in that a) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the reduced cofactor into its original oxidized form, oxygen or a compound of general formula R 1 C(O)COOH is reduced, and b) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the oxidized cofactor into its original reduced form, a compound of general formula R 2 CH(OH)R 3 is oxidized and wherein R 1 , R 2 and R 3 in the compounds have different meanings.
1. A process for the enzymatic regeneration of the redox cofactors NAD + /NADH and/or NADP + /NADPH in a one-pot reaction, wherein, as a result of at least two further enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions proceeding in the same reaction batch (product-forming reactions), one of the two redox cofactors accumulates in its reduced form and, respectively, the other one in its oxidized form, characterized in that
a) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the reduced cofactor into its original oxidized form, oxygen or a compound of general formula
wherein R 1 represents a linear-chain or branched (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl group or a (C 1 -C 4 )-carboxy alkyl group, is reduced,
b) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the oxidized cofactor into its original reduced form, a (C 4 -C 8 )-cycloalcanol or a compound of general formula
wherein R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, wherein alkyl is linear-chain or branched, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkenyl, wherein alkenyl is linear-chain or branched and comprises one to three double bonds, aryl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, carboxyl, (C 1 -C 4 ) carboxy alkyl, cycloalkyl, or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, is oxidized,
wherein the redox cofactors NAD + /NADH and/or NADP + /NADPH are enzymatically regenerated in the one-got reaction,
wherein substrate(s) for the oxidation reaction(s) involved in the formation of a product is/are provided in the reaction batch at a concentration of at least 5% (w/v).
2. A process according to claim 1 for the enzymatic regeneration of the redox cofactors NAD + /NADH and/or NADP + /NADPH in a one-pot reaction, wherein, as a result of at least two further enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions proceeding in the same reaction batch (=product-forming reactions), one of the two redox cofactors accumulates in its reduced form and, respectively, the other one in its oxidized form, characterized in that
a) during the regeneration of the oxidized cofactor, a compound of general formula
wherein R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl group, is reduced, and
b) during the regeneration of the reduced cofactor, a compound of general formula
wherein R 2 and R 3 independently of each other are selected from the group consisting of
1) —H,
2) —(C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, wherein alkyl is linear-chain or branched,
3) —(C 1 -C 6 ) alkenyl, wherein alkenyl is linear-chain or branched,
4) -cycloalkyl,
5) C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl,
6) -aryl,
7) C 6 -C 12 aryl,
8) —(C 1 -C 4 ) carboxy alkyl, in case that the compound of formula I is pyruvate;
is oxidized.
3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 and R 3 independently of each other are selected from the group consisting of H, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, wherein alkyl is linear-chain or branched, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkenyl, wherein alkenyl is linear-chain or branched and comprises one to three double bonds, aryl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, carboxyl, or (C 1 -C 4 ) carboxy alkyl.
4. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that oxidation reaction(s) and reduction reaction(s) take place on the same substrate (molecular backbone).
5. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that oxidation reaction(s) and reduction reaction(s) proceed chronologically parallel.
6. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that, in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the oxidized cofactor into its original reduced form, 2-propanol is oxidized to acetone by means of an alcohol dehydrogenase.
7. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that, in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the reduced cofactor into its original oxidized form, pyruvate is reduced to lactate by means of a lactate dehydrogenase.
8. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that it is used for performing at least one oxidation reaction and at least one reduction reaction, respectively, in the same reaction batch on compounds of general formula
wherein
R 4 denotes hydrogen, a methyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxo group,
R 5 denotes hydrogen, a hydroxy group, an oxo group or a methyl group,
R 6 denotes hydrogen or a hydroxy group,
R 7 denotes hydrogen, —COR 13 , wherein R 13 is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with a hydroxy group, or a C 1 -C 4 carboxy alkyl group which is substituted or unsubstituted,
or R 6 and R 7 together denote an oxo group,
R 8 denotes hydrogen, a methyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxo group,
R 9 denotes hydrogen, a methyl group, a hydroxy group or an oxo group,
R 10 denotes hydrogen, a methyl group or halogen,
R 11 denotes hydrogen, a methyl group, a hydroxy group, an oxo group or halogen, and
R 12 denotes hydrogen, a hydroxy group, an oxo group or a methyl group,
wherein the structural element
denotes a benzene ring or a ring comprising 6 carbon atoms and 0, 1 or 2 C—C-double bonds.
9. A process according to claim 8 , characterized in that it is used for the conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) of formula
into testosterone of formula
10. A process according to claim 8 , characterized in that it is used for the enzymatic epimerization of 3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid (chenodeoxycholic acid) of formula
into ketolithocholic acid of formula
by oxidation,
and into the stereoisomeric hydroxy compound 3α,7β-dihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid (ursodeoxycholic acid) of formula
by subsequent reduction,
using two opposite stereospecific hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.
11. A process according to claim 8 , characterized in that it is used for the enzymatic epimerization of 3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholanic acid (cholanic acid) of formula
either
A) via oxidation to obtain 3α,7α-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5β cholanic acid (12-oxo-CDC) of formula
which is further reacted to obtain 3α-hydroxy-7,12-dioxo-5β-cholanic acid (12oxo-KLC) of formula
and subsequent reduction to the stereoisomeric hydroxy compound 3α,7β-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5β-cholanic acid (12-keto-ursodeoxycholanic acid) of formula
or
B) via oxidation to obtain 3α,12α-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid of formula
followed by enzymatic oxidation to obtain 3α-hydroxy-7,12-dioxo-5β-cholanic acid(12oxo-KLC) of formula XI, and subsequent reduction to obtain the stereoisomeric hydroxy compound 3α,7β-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5β cholanic acid (12-keto-ursodeoxycholanic acid) of formula XII,
or
C) via oxidation to obtain 3α,12α-dihydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanic acid of formula XIII, followed by enzymatic reduction to obtain 3α,7β,12α-triydroxy-5β-cholanic acid of formula
and subsequent oxidation to obtain the stereoisomeric hydroxy compound 3α,7β-dihydroxy-12-oxo-5β-cholanic acid (12-keto-ursodeoxycholanic acid) of formula XII;
using 3 stereospecific hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, 2 of which have opposite stereospecifity.
12. A process according to claim 8 , wherein substrate(s) for the reduction reaction(s) involved in the formation of a product is/are provided in the reaction batch at a concentration of <5% (w/v).
13. A process according to claim 8 , wherein in the compounds of formula III, R 7 is a C 1 -C 4 carboxy alkyl group which is substituted with a hydroxy group.
14. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that it is used for the isomerization of C 5 - or C 6 -sugars.
15. A process according to claim 14 , wherein the isomerization includes reducing glucose to sorbitol and subsequently oxidizing the sorbitol to fructose.
16. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that, on the whole, a turnover of ≧70% is achieved in the product-forming reactions.
17. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that substrate(s) for the oxidation reaction(s) involved in the formation of a product is/are provided in the reaction batch at a concentration of at least 7% (w/v).
18. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that substrate(s) for the oxidation reaction(s) involved in the formation of a product is/are provided in the reaction batch at a concentration of at least 9% (w/v).
19. A process according to claim 1 , characterized in that, on the whole, a turnover of ≧90% is achieved in the product-forming reactions.
20. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the redox cofactors NAD + /NADH and NADP + /NADPH are enzymatically regenerated in the one-pot reaction.
21. A process according to claim 1 , wherein in step b), a compound according to formula II is oxidized, wherein R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 12 aryl.
22. A process for the enzymatic regeneration of the redox cofactors selected from NAD + /NADH, NADP + /NADPH or a combination thereof in a one-pot reaction, wherein, as a result of at least two further enzymatically catalyzed redox reactions proceeding in the same reaction batch (product-forming reactions), one of the two redox cofactors accumulates in its reduced form and, respectively, the other one in its oxidized form, characterized in that
a) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the reduced cofactor into its original oxidized form, oxygen or a compound of general formula
wherein R 1 represents a linear-chain or branched (C 1 -C 4 )-alkyl group or a (C 1 -C 4 )-carboxy alkyl group, is reduced, and
b) in the regeneration reaction which reconverts the oxidized cofactor into its original reduced form, a (C 4 -C 8 )-cycloalcanol or a compound of general formula
wherein R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkyl, wherein alkyl is linear-chain or branched, (C 1 -C 6 ) alkenyl, wherein alkenyl is linear-chain or branched and comprises one to three double bonds, aryl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, carboxyl, (C 1 -C 4 ) carboxy alkyl, cycloalkyl, or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, is oxidized;
wherein substrate(s) for the oxidation reaction(s) of the product-forming reactions is/are provided in the reaction batch at a concentration of at least 5% (w/v), and wherein substrate(s) for the reduction reaction(s) of the product-forming reactions is/are provided in the reaction batch at a concentration of less than 5% (w/v), and
wherein, as a whole, a turnover of ≧70% is achieved in the product-forming reactions.