SHG imaging technique for assessing hybrid EO polymer/silicon photonic integrated circuits
Probe beams are scanned with respect to waveguide substrates to generate optical harmonics. Detection of the optical harmonic radiation is used to image waveguide cores, claddings, or other structures such as electrodes. The detected optical radiation can also be used to provide estimates of linear electrooptic coefficients, or ratios of linear electrooptic coefficients. In some cases, the poling of polymer waveguide structures is monitored during fabrication based on a second harmonic of the probe beam. In some examples, third harmonic generation is used for imaging of conductive layers.
1. An apparatus, comprising:
a substrate stage configured to retain a waveguide defined by a polable polymer layer on a substrate;
a beam scanner configured to scan a focused optical beam along an axis of the waveguide, wherein the focused optical beam is at a fundamental wavelength;
an optical detection system configured to detect nonlinear optical radiation from the waveguide at an optical harmonic wavelength responsive to the focused optical beam; and
a processing system configured to produce an image of at least a portion of the waveguide based on the scanning of the focused optical beam and the detected optical harmonic radiation and adjust poling conditions based on the detected optical harmonic radiation, wherein the poling conditions include at least one of a polymer temperature or a poling electric field applied to the polymer layer.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the polable polymer layer is a waveguide cladding layer.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the polable polymer layer is a waveguide core layer.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the substrate stage and the beam scanner are configured to scan the focused optical beam along the axis of the waveguide and along an axis parallel to a substrate surface and angled with respect to the waveguide axis.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detected optical harmonic radiation is a second harmonic of the focused optical beam and is associated with a poled portion of the polable polymer layer of the waveguide.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the detected optical harmonic radiation is a third harmonic of the focused optical beam and is associated with waveguide conductor layers.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the detected optical harmonic radiation is associated with the waveguide conductor layers having a polymer layer covering.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a voltage source configured to apply the poling electric field, wherein the processor is configured to assess a poling extent based on the detected optical harmonic radiation.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the image is associated with electrooptic coefficient values based on the detected optical harmonic radiation.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the electrooptic coefficient values correspond to values of r 33 or r 13 or a ratio thereof.
11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the scanned, focused optical beam has a state of polarization selected so that the detected harmonic optical radiation is associated with a selected electrooptic coefficient.
12. A method, comprising:
directing a focused optical beam to a waveguide device retained on a substrate stage, wherein a waveguide of the waveguide device is defined by a polable polymer layer on a substrate;
with a beam scanner, scanning the focused optical beam in a direction parallel to an axis of propagation in the waveguide device, wherein the focused optical beam is at a fundamental wavelength;
detecting optical harmonic radiation at an optical harmonic wavelength produced responsive to the focused optical beam by the waveguide device and producing an image of at least a portion of the waveguide based on the scanning of the focused optical beam and the detected optical harmonic radiation; and
adjusting poling conditions based on the detected optical harmonic radiation, wherein the poling conditions include at least one of polymer temperature or an electric field applied to the polymer layer.
13. The method of claim 12 , further comprising producing an estimate of an electrooptic coefficient or a ratio of electrooptic coefficients based on the detected optical harmonic radiation.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the waveguide device includes a polable polymer layer, and further comprising establishing the poling conditions in at least a portion of the polable polymer layer, wherein the optical harmonic radiation is detected under established poling conditions.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the poling conditions include an electric field applied with waveguide electrodes.
16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising terminating the poling conditions based on the detected optical harmonic radiation.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the optical harmonic radiation is second harmonic radiation.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the optical harmonic radiation is third harmonic radiation.