Formation of a transparent conductive film by interfacial graphene assembly
Advantageous films and coatings (e.g., transparent conductive films), and improved methods for fabricating such films and/or coatings, are provided. The improved methods for fabricating transparent conductive films/coatings may involve trapping at least a portion of a layered material (e.g., graphene sheet(s) or layer(s) of graphite) at an interface of a phase separated system (e.g., at an interface of two non-mixing solvents). Transparent, one to four layer, conductive films/coatings of pristine natural flake graphene are produced by kinetically trapping graphene sheets at an interface of a phase separated system (e.g., at an oil/water interface).
1. A method for fabricating a film or coating, comprising:
a) providing a phase separated system, the phase separated system including: (i) a first liquid material and a second liquid material, and (ii) an interface between the first and second liquid materials;
b) introducing a layered material to the phase separated system, wherein the layered material spreads at the interface;
c) inserting a substrate into the interface of the phase separated system and allowing at least a portion of the layered material to be associated with the substrate; and
d) removing the substrate from the phase separated system and allowing the portion of the layered material associated with the substrate to dry.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layered material includes graphite.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the layered material is substantially pristine and naturally derived graphite.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dried portion of the layered material associated with the substrate is substantially transparent and electrically conductive.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase separated system is an oil and water based system.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase separated system is a system of two substantially non-mixing solvents.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first material is water and the second material is heptane.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes glass.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is substantially hydrophilic.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein after inserting the substrate into the interface of the phase separated system, at least a portion of the layered material moves along a surface of the substrate.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the layered material associated with the substrate includes graphene.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the layered material associated with the substrate includes from about one sheet or layer to about four sheets or layers of graphene.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the graphene is substantially pristine natural flake graphene.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein in connection with step b), the phase separated system is sonicated or agitated.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein during step c), the phase separated system is sonicated or agitated.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
e) inserting the substrate and the dried portion of the layered material associated with the substrate into a fluid so that the dried portion of the layered material floats on or in the fluid;
f) inserting a second substrate into the fluid; and
g) removing the dried portion of the layered material from the fluid via the second substrate.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the fluid is water.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the second substrate is metal or plastic.
19. A method for fabricating a film or coating, comprising:
a) providing a phase separated system, the phase separated system including: (i) water and heptane, and (ii) an interface between the water and the heptane;
b) introducing substantially pristine graphite to the phase separated system;
c) sonicating the phase separated system, wherein the substantially pristine graphite spreads at the interface;
d) inserting a hydrophilic substrate into the interface of the phase separated system and allowing at least a portion of the substantially pristine graphite to be associated with the hydrophilic substrate; and
e) removing the hydrophilic substrate from the phase separated system and allowing the portion of the substantially pristine graphite associated with the hydrophilic substrate to dry;
wherein the dried portion of the substantially pristine graphite associated with the substrate is substantially transparent and electrically conductive;
wherein after inserting the hydrophilic substrate into the interface of the phase separated system, at least a portion of the substantially pristine graphite moves along a surface of the hydrophilic substrate;
wherein the portion of the substantially pristine graphite associated with the hydrophilic substrate includes from about one sheet or layer to about four sheets or layers of graphene; and
wherein during step d), the phase separated system is sonicated or agitated.
20. A method for fabricating a film or coating comprising:
a) providing a phase separated system, the phase separated system including: (i) water and heptane, and (ii) an interface between the water and the heptane;
b) introducing substantially pristine graphite to the phase separated system;
c) sonicating the phase separated system, wherein the substantially pristine graphite spreads at the interface;
d) inserting a hydrophilic substrate into the interface of the phase separated system and allowing at least a portion of the substantially pristine graphite to be associated with the hydrophilic substrate;
e) removing the hydrophilic substrate from the phase separated system and allowing the portion of the substantially pristine graphite associated with the hydrophilic substrate to dry;
f) inserting the substrate and the dried portion of the substantially pristine graphite associated with the hydrophilic substrate into a fluid so that the dried portion of the substantially pristine graphite floats on or in the fluid;
g) inserting a second substrate into the fluid; and
h) removing the dried portion of the substantially pristine graphite from the fluid via the second substrate;
wherein the dried portion of the substantially pristine graphite is substantially transparent and electrically conductive.