Supercritical continuous hydrothermal synthesis of lithium titanate anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
A method for synthesizing lithium titanate includes preparing a supercritical fluid from water; reacting a solution containing lithium and titanium with the supercritical fluid under a condition that maintains the supercritical fluid in its supercritical state to produce a reaction mixture comprising the lithium titanate; and collecting the lithium titanate. The supercritical fluid is prepared at a temperature of 375-500° C. and a pressure of 22-35 MPa. The solution containing lithium and titanium is prepared by mixing a solution containing lithium, prepared by dissolving a lithium source in a selected solvent, and a solution containing titanium, prepared by dissolving a titanium source in the selected solvent, wherein a molar ratio of lithium:titanium is between 4.0:5.0 and 4.5:5.0. The lithium source is lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, lithium oxalate, lithium nitrate, or lithium oxide, and the titanium source is tetrabutyl titanate.
1. A method for synthesizing lithium titanate, comprising:
preparing a supercritical fluid from water in a first reactor;
reacting a solution comprising lithium and titanium in the pre-formed supercritical fluid under a condition that maintains the pre-formed supercritical fluid hi its supercritical state to produce a reaction mixture comprising the lithium titanate, wherein the solution comprising lithium and titanium is a premixed solution from a solution containing lithium and a solution containing titanium, wherein the reacting is conducted in a continuous fashion by pumping the solution comprising lithium and titanium and the pre-formed supercritical fluid into a second reactor, wherein a flow rate of water for the supercritical fluid is about 5-25 g/min and a flow rate for the solution is about 1.7-3.0 g/min; and
collecting the lithium titanate.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution comprising lithium is prepared by dissolving a lithium source in a selected solvent different from water, and the solution comprising titanium is prepared by dissolving a titanium source in the selected solvent.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the selected solvent is an alcohol.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the lithium source is selected from lithium hydroxide, lithium carbonate, lithium acetate, lithium oxalate, lithium nitrate, lithium oxide, or a combination thereof, and the titanium source is tetrabutyl titanate.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the solution comprising lithium and the solution comprising titanium are bubbled with an inert gas to remove a dissolved gas.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the inert gas is nitrogen.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water is bubbled with an inert gas to remove a dissolved gas prior to the preparing the supercritical fluid.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the inert gas is nitrogen.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising cooling the reaction mixture or allowing the reaction mixture to cool prior to the collecting the lithium titanate.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the collecting the lithium titanate is by filtration or centrifugation.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the supercritical fluid is prepared at a temperature in a range of about 375-500° C. and a pressure in a range of about 22-35 MPa.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the supercritical fluid is prepared at a temperature of about 400° C. and a pressure of about 25 MPa.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of lithium:titanium in the solution is between about 4.0:5.0 and about 4.5:5.0.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of lithium:titanium in the solution is between about 4.0:5.0 and about 4.2:5.0.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of lithium:titanium in the solution is about 4.2:5.0.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising purifying the collected lithium titanate by:
suspending the collected lithium titanate in water to produce a suspension;
sonicating the suspension; and
centrifuging the suspension to collect purified lithium titanate.