Methods and systems for prediction of fill factor in heterojunction solar cells through lifetime spectroscopy

1. A method for manufacturing solar cells, comprising:

prior to a metallization layer being applied to a first solar cell during a manufacturing of the first solar cell:

illuminating the first solar cell using an illumination source having a selective illumination intensity, wherein the selective illumination intensity is configured to create photogenerated minority carriers in the first solar cell;

measuring a photoconductivity of the first solar cell in response to the illumination source using an inductively coupled bridge circuit;

measuring an illumination of the first solar cell resulting from the illumination source using a second solar cell;

determining lifetime values of the first solar cell at different minority carrier concentrations using a hardware processor;

determining a shape of a lifetime curve for the first solar cell based on the determined lifetime values using the hardware processor; and

determining a fill factor of the first solar cell based on the determined shape of the lifetime curve using the hardware processor; and

applying the metallization layer to the first solar cell;

determining whether the application of the metallization layer to the first solar cell has worsened the fill factor of the first solar cell; and

based on the determined fill factor of the first solar cell and the determining of whether the application of the metallization layer to the first solar cell has worsened the fill factor of the first solar cell, altering intrinsic layer properties and deposition processes in a solar cell manufacturing process to obtain a solar cell with high fill factor,

wherein the lifetime curve is determined using the following equation:

τ= MCD*W/G

where: τ is a lifetime value of the first solar cell;

MCD is a minority carrier density of the first solar cell;

W is a thickness of the first solar cell; and

G is an optical generation rate of the first solar cell.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first solar cell is a heterojunction solar cell that includes a base layer, an intrinsic layer, and an emitter layer.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the base layer acts as a primary light absorber, wherein photogenerated minority carriers cross the intrinsic layer before being collected as majority carriers in the emitter layer.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lifetime curve is a plot of minority carrier lifetimes as a function of minority carrier concentrations.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the minority carrier lifetimes are determined by surface recombination velocity at a heterointerface.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fill factor is determined as being low when the lifetime values increase as the minority carrier concentrations increase.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fill factor is determined as being high when the lifetime values decrease as the minority carrier concentrations increase.

8. A system for manufacturing solar cells, comprising:

an illumination source having a selective illumination intensity, wherein the selective illumination intensity is configured to create photogenerated minority carriers in the first solar cell, and wherein the illumination source illuminates a first solar cell;

an inductively coupled bridge circuit that measures a photoconductivity of the first solar cell in response to the illumination source;

a second solar cell that measures an illumination of the first solar cell resulting from the illumination source;

at least one hardware processor that:

prior to a metallization layer being applied to the first solar cell during a manufacturing of the first solar cell:

determines lifetime values of the first solar cell at different minority carrier concentrations;

determines a shape of a lifetime curve for the first solar cell based on the determined lifetime values; and

determines a fill factor of the first solar cell based on the determined shape of the lifetime curve;

after the metallization layer has been applied to the first solar cell, determines whether the application of the metallization layer to the first solar cell has worsened the fill factor of the first solar cell; and

based on the determined fill factor of the first solar cell and the determining of whether the application of the metallization layer to the first solar cell has worsened the fill factor of the first solar cell, alters intrinsic layer properties and deposition processes in a solar cell manufacturing process to obtain a solar cell with high fill factor,

wherein the lifetime curve is determined using the following equation:

τ= MCD*W/G

where: τ is a lifetime value of the first solar cell;

MCD is a minority carrier density of the first solar cell;

W is a thickness of the first solar cell; and

G is an optical generation rate of the first solar cell.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the first solar cell is a heterojunction solar cell that includes a base layer, an intrinsic layer, and an emitter layer.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the base layer acts as a primary light absorber, wherein photogenerated minority carriers cross the intrinsic layer before being collected as majority carriers in the emitter layer.

11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the lifetime curve is a plot of minority carrier lifetimes as a function of minority carrier concentrations.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the minority carrier lifetimes are determined by surface recombination velocity at a heterointerface.

13. The system of claim 8 , wherein the fill factor is determined as being low when the lifetime values increase as the minority carrier concentrations increase.

14. The system of claim 8 , wherein the fill factor is determined as being high when the lifetime values decrease as the minority carrier concentrations increase.