Electroosmotic tissue treatment
Apparatus for driving fluid between first and second anatomical sites of a subject is provided, comprising (1) a first electrode, configured to be coupled to the first anatomical site of the subject; (2) a second electrode, configured to be coupled to the second anatomical site of the subject; and (3) a control unit, configured to (i) detect a pressure difference between the first and second anatomical sites, and (ii) in response to the detected pressure difference, drive fluid between the first and second anatomical sites by applying a treatment voltage between the first and second electrodes. Other embodiments are also described.
1. A method, comprising:
implanting a first electrode within a subarachnoid cavity of a brain of a subject who is asymptomatic of Alzheimer's disease, and a second electrode outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject who is asymptomatic of Alzheimer's disease; and
electroosmotically driving fluid between a site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject and a site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject who is asymptomatic of Alzheimer's disease, by applying a treatment voltage between the first and the second electrodes in order to reduce risk for developing Alzheimer's disease.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising providing a rest period during which the treatment voltage is not applied, and applying, during the rest period, an opposite voltage between the first and the second electrodes, the opposite voltage being opposite to the treatment voltage and having a lower magnitude than the treatment voltage.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying a capacitative current.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein driving the fluid between the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain and the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject comprises driving the fluid from the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain to the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject.
5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising detecting a pressure difference between the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject and the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject, and wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage in response to the detected pressure difference.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein implanting the second electrode comprises implanting the second electrode outside of the brain of the subject.
7. A method, comprising:
implanting a first electrode within a subarachnoid cavity of a brain of a subject, and a second electrode outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject;
electroosmotically driving fluid between a site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject and a site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject, by applying a treatment voltage between the first and the second electrodes; and
detecting a pressure difference between the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject and the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject, wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage in response to the detected pressure difference,
wherein detecting the pressure difference comprises detecting a voltage between the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject and the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject, and wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying the treatment voltage in response to the detected voltage.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the subject is asymptomatic of Alzheimer's disease, and wherein electroosmotically driving the fluid comprises electroosmotically driving fluid between the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject who is asymptomatic of Alzheimer's disease and the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject who is asymptomatic of Alzheimer's disease.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein detecting the detected voltage comprises detecting a streaming potential.
10. The method according to claim 7 , wherein detecting the voltage between the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject and the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject comprises detecting a voltage between the first and second electrodes.
11. The method according to claim 7 , further comprising providing a rest period during which the treatment voltage is not applied, and applying, during the rest period, an opposite voltage between the first and the second electrodes, the opposite voltage being opposite to the treatment voltage and having a lower magnitude than the treatment voltage.
12. The method according to claim 7 , wherein applying the treatment voltage comprises applying a capacitative current.
13. The method according to claim 7 , wherein driving the fluid between the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain and the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject comprises driving the fluid from the site within the subarachnoid cavity of the brain to the site outside of the subarachnoid cavity of the brain of the subject.
14. The method according to claim 7 , wherein implanting the second electrode comprises implanting the second electrode outside of the brain of the subject.