Metabolite biomarkers for the detection of liver cancer

1. A method of determining evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a sample of biofluid, comprising the steps of:

measuring the concentration of a selected metabolite species in a sample of a biofluid from a subject, wherein each metabolite species is a component of an identified panel of three to sixteen metabolite species selected from the group consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol, aconitic acid, creatine, homocysteine, valine, cholyglycine, D-leucic acid, creatinine, 3-hydroxycapric acid and identifiable parts thereof,

wherein a change in the concentration of at least one metabolite species is characteristic of a transition from infection with hepatitis C virus to hepatocellular carcinoma thereby determining evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the steps of:

comparing the measured concentrations of each metabolite species in the biofluid sample to the prediction of a statistical model.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the panel is selected from the group consisting of:

a. the panel consisting of uric acid; cholylglycine, 3-hydroxycapric acid, D-leucic acid, and xanthine,

b. the panel consisting of choline, creatinine and valine

c. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid;

d. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, 1-nethylguanosine;

e. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, 1-methylinosine;

f. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, xanthine;

g. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, 1-methyladenosine;

h. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, phenylalanine;

i. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine;

j. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylguanosine;

k. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, phenylalanine;

l. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, 2-deoxyguanosine;

m. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, tyrosine;

n. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, n-carbamoyl-beta alanine;

o. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methyladenosine;

P. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, xanthine;

q. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, glycerol;

r. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, phenylalanine;

s. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 2-deoxyguanosine;

t. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, tyrosine; and

u. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine;

v. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, glycerol;

w. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine;

x. the panel consisting of methionine, uric acid, xanthine, phenylalanine;

y. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, aconitic acid;

z. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, creatine;

aa. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, methionine;

bb. the panel consisting of methionine, uric acid, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine;

cc. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, uric acid;

dd. the panel consisting of methionine, uric acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine;

ee. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, aconitic acid;

ff. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, creatine;

gg. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, homocysteine;

hh. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, 1-methyladenosine;

ii. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, xanthine;

jj. the panel consisting of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, homocysteine;

kk. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, tyrosine;

ll. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol;

mm. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, creatine;

nn. the panel consisting of methionine, uric acid, phenylalanine, homocysteine

oo. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, aconitic acid;

pp. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyguanosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, homocysteine;

qq. the panel consisting of methionine, uric acid, xanthine, phenylalanine, tyrosine;

rr. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylguanosine

ss. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine;

tt. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine;

uu. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine;

vv. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine;

ww. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine;

xx. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine;

yy. the panel consisting of methionine, uric acid, xanthine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, n-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol, aconitic acid, creatine, homocysteine;

zz. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine;

aaa. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine;

bbb. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol;

ccc. 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol, aconitic acid;

ddd. the panel consisting of methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol, aconitic acid, creatine, homocysteine;

eee. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol, aconitic acid, creatine;

fff. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol, aconitic acid, creatine, homocysteine;

ggg. the panel consisting of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, 1-methylinosine, 1-methylguanosine, 1-methyladenosine, xanthine, phenylalanine, 2-deoxyguanosine, tyrosine, N-carbamoyl-beta alanine, glycerol, aconitic acid, creatine, homocysteine, valine, cholyglycine, d-leucic acid, creatinine, 3-hydroxycapric acid.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the panel comprises metabolite species that have been identified by a plurality of methods selected from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), correlation spectroscopy (COSy), nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY), rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY), LC-TOF-MS, LC-MS/MS, and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the panel comprises metabolite species that have been identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the components of the panel are selected by the steps of identifying metabolite species that are present in the biofluid samples from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subjects and the samples from subjects infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); selecting the identified metabolite species the difference in concentration in the biofluid samples from the HCC subjects and the biofluid samples from the HCV subjects is significant at the level of p<0.05; and grouping the identified metabolite species to produce an identified panel of metabolite species wherein the average p-value of the metabolite species of a panel is in the range of 0.003 to 0.03.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein the sample comprises a biofluid selected from blood, plasma, serum, sweat, saliva, sputum or urine.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the biofluid is serum.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the panel is selected from the group consisting of: the panel of 5-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyuridine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, n-carbamoyl-beta alanine; and the panel of N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, methionine, uric acid, xanthine.