Nanopore sequencing using N-mers

1. A method for sequencing template nucleic acids comprising:

a) providing a device comprising an array of nanopores a in contact with a solution, the solution comprising a plurality of template nucleic acids above the nanopore;

b) providing a voltage across the nanopores, whereby, for one or more nanopore in the array, a template nucleic acid is translocated through the nanopore, wherein the translocation rate through the nanopore is enzymatically controlled;

c) measuring an electrical signal which has a value that varies for at least N monomeric units of the template nucleic acid in the nanopore, wherein the measuring is performed as a function of time while the template nucleic acid translocates through the nanopore, wherein N is three or greater; and

d) determining the sequence of the template nucleic acid using the measured electrical signal from step (c) by performing a process including comparing the electrical signal from step (c) to calibration information that accounts for the electrical signal for 4 to the N sequence combinations.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least N monomeric units comprise 3-mers, 4-mers, 5-mers, or 6-mers.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least N monomeric units comprise 3-mers.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least N monomeric units comprise 5-mers.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least N monomeric units comprise 6-mers.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the calibration information for at least N monomeric units is determined experimentally.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein at least some of the calibration information for the at least N monomeric units is calculated.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the translocation through the pore is controlled by a polymerase, a helicase, a translocase, a viral genome packaging motor, or a chromatin remodeling complex.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein comparing comprises using a statistical algorithm.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein comparing comprises using heuristic decision-tree algorithms, Bayesian networks, hidden Markov models, or conditional random fields.

11. The method of claim 1 wherein the comparing process comprises examining a lookup table for each of the 4 to the N combinations, and keeping only those meeting a threshold value.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein threshold value is within 2 sigma of the expected value.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein some of the values for the 4 to the N sequence combinations are degenerate within the error of the measurement.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein after each single-nucleotide translocation through the nanopore, the possible N monomeric units for that measurement are looked up, and all the possibilities from the previous measurement that are not consistent with the most recent measurement are thrown away.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrical signal comprises current.

16. The method of claim 1 wherein the electrical signal comprises a convolution of current perturbations and an impulse function.

17. The method of claim 1 wherein the sequencing comprises base calling including a quality estimation.

18. The method of claim 1 wherein the device substrate comprises a semiconductor chip comprising an array of nanopores.

19. The method of claim 18 wherein the semiconductor chip comprise amplifiers, analog to digital converters, or clock circuits.

20. The method of claim 18 wherein the nanopores are each within discrete reservoirs.

21. The method of claim 20 wherein the discrete reservoirs comprise measurement electrodes.

22. The method of claim 1 wherein the nanopore comprises a protein nanopore.

23. The method of claim 1 wherein the array comprises from 10 to 10,000 nanopores.