HIV therapeutics and methods of making and using same
HIV neutralizing peptides, sulfated HIV-1 envelope proteins and immunogenic fragments thereof are disclosed, as well as nucleic acids encoding these molecules and methods of producing these peptides, envelope proteins and fragments. Methods are also provided for the treatment or prevention of a human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1 ) infection. The methods can include administering to a subject an HIV neutralizing peptide, sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof as disclosed herein. In several embodiments, administering the HIV neutralizing peptide, sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment generates an immune response in a subject.
1. A method of making a sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof for use in stimulating an immune response against HIV-1 infection in a subject, the method comprising:
providing a plurality of HIV-1 envelope proteins or immunogenic fragments thereof comprising tyrosine residues at gp120 positions 173 or 177, or at both positions 173 and 177;
sulfating the tyrosine residues at gp120 positions 173 or 177, or at both positions 173 and 177 on at least 90% of the HIV-1 envelope proteins or immunogenic fragments in the plurality, wherein sulfating the tyrosine residues comprises (A) or (B):
(A) expressing a first heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding the HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof and a second heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding a tyrosine sulfotransferase or a variant thereof with tyrosine sulfation activity in a cell; or
(B) incubating the plurality of HIV-1 envelope proteins or immunogenic fragments thereof with a purified tyrosine sulfotransferase or a variant thereof with tyrosine sulfation activity under conditions sufficient for tyrosine sulfation of gp120 positions 173 or 177, or both positions 173 and 177; and
purifying the plurality of HIV-1 envelope proteins or immunogenic fragments, thereby making the sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof for use in stimulating an immune response against HIV-1 infection in a subject.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein sulfating the tyrosine residues comprises (A).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein sulfating the tyrosine residues comprises (B).
4. A method of making a sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof for use in stimulating an immune response against HIV-1 infection in a subject, the method comprising co-expressing in a cell in vitro:
a first heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding a HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof in a mammalian cell line, wherein the HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof comprises tyrosine residues at gp120 positions 173 or 177, or at both positions 173 and 177; and
a second heterologous nucleic acid molecule encoding a tyrosine sulfotransferase or a variant thereof with tyrosine sulfation activity;
under conditions sufficient for sulfation of the tyrosine residues at gp120 positions 173 or 177, or at both positions 173 and 177 by the tyrosine sulfotransferase or the variant, thereby making the sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof for use in stimulating an immune response against HIV-1 infection in a subject.
5. A method of making a sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof for use in stimulating an immune response against HIV-1 infection in a subject, the method comprising:
incubating a HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof comprising tyrosine residues at gp120 positions 173 or 177, or at both positions 173 and 177 with a purified tyrosine sulfotransferase or a variant thereof with tyrosine sulfation activity under conditions sufficient for sulfation of the tyrosine residues by the tyrosine sulfotransferase or the variant, thereby making the sulfated HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment thereof for use in stimulating an immune response against HIV-1 infection in a subject.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment comprises gp160, gp140, or gp120.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tyrosine sulfotransferase is TPST1 or TPST2 or a variant thereof with tyrosine sulfation activity.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cell is an immortalized T or B cell.
9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment comprises gp160, gp140, or gp120.
10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the HIV-1 envelope protein or immunogenic fragment comprises gp160, gp140, or gp120.
11. The method of claim 4 , wherein the tyrosine sulfotransferase is TPST1 or TPST2 or a variant thereof with tyrosine sulfation activity.
12. The method of claim 5 , wherein the tyrosine sulfotransferase is TPST1 or TPST2 or a variant thereof with tyrosine sulfation activity.
13. The method of claim 5 , wherein the cell is an immortalized T or B cell.