Segmented chirped-pulse Fourier transform spectroscopy
An emission can be obtained from a sample in response to excitation using a specified range of excitation frequencies. Such excitation can include generating a specified chirped waveform and a specified downconversion local oscillator (LO) frequency using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC), upconverting the chirped waveform via mixing the chirped waveform with a specified upconversion LO frequency, frequency multiplying the upconverted chirped waveform to provide a chirped excitation signal for exciting the sample, receiving an emission from sample, the emission elicited at least in part by the chirped excitation signal, and downconverting the received emission via mixing the received emission with a signal based on the specified downconversion LO signal to provide a downconverted emission signal within the bandwidth of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The specified chirped waveform can include a first chirped waveform during a first duration, and a second chirped waveform during a second duration.
1. A method, comprising:
receiving a first emission signal from a sample, the first emission signal spanning a first bandwidth and elicited at least in part by a first excitation signal applied to sample;
mixing the first emission signal with a first local oscillator (LO) to generate a first downconverted emission signal within a conversion bandwidth of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC);
digitizing the first downconverted emission signal with the ADC to generate a first digital signal;
receiving a second emission signal from the sample, the second emission signal spanning a second bandwidth different than the first bandwidth and elicited at least in part by a second excitation signal applied to the sample;
mixing the second emission signal with a second local oscillator (LO) to generate a second downconverted emission signal within the conversion bandwidth of the ADC;
digitizing the second downconverted emission signal with the ADC to generate a second digital signal; and
combining the first digital signal and the second digital signal to form a combined digital signal having a bandwidth greater than the conversion bandwidth of the ADC.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
applying the first excitation signal to the sample, the first excitation signal having a first bandwidth and spanning a first millimeter-wave frequency range, wherein the first emission signal is received in response to the first excitation signal; and
applying the second excitation signal to the sample, the second excitation signal having a second bandwidth and spanning a second millimeter-wave frequency range different than the first millimeter-wave frequency range, wherein the second emission signal is received in response to the second excitation signal.
3. The method of claim 1 , the mixing the first emission signal with the first LO including:
mixing a first portion of the first emission signal with the first LO at a first frequency; and
mixing a second portion of the first emission signal with the first LO at a second frequency different from the first frequency.
4. The method of claim 1 , the first excitation signal including a first chirped excitation signal and the first LO including a first single-frequency LO.
5. The method of claim 1 , the first excitation signal and the first LO having a first relative phase difference and the second excitation signal and the second LO having a second relative phase difference equal to the first relative phase difference.
6. The method of claim 1 , herein the first emission signal is representative of a first free-induction decay emission from the sample, and the second emission signal is representative of a second free-induction decay emission from the sample.
7. The method of claim 1 , the bandwidth of the combined digital signal being up to 200 GHz.
8. The method of claim 1 , the conversion bandwidth of the ADC being about 1 GHz or less.
9. An apparatus, comprising:
a mixer configured to:
mix a first emission signal with a first local oscillator (LO) to generate a first downconverted emission signal, the first emission signal spanning a first band and elicited at least in part by a first excitation signal applied to a sample; and
mix a second emission signal with a second local oscillator (LO) to generate a second downconverted emission signal, the second emission signal spanning a second band different than the first band and and elicited at least in part by a second excitation signal applied to the sample;
an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) operably coupled to the mixer and configured to:
digitize the first downconverted emission signal to generate a first digital signal; and
digitize the second downconverted emission signal to generate a second digital signal; and
a processor operably coupled to the ADC and configured to combine the first digital signal and the second digital signal to form a combined digital signal having a bandwidth greater than the conversion bandwidth of the ADC.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a signal source configured to:
apply the first excitation signal to the sample, the first excitation signal having a first bandwidth and spanning a first millimeter-wave frequency range, wherein the mixer is configured to receive the first emission signal in response to the first excitation signal,
apply the second excitation signal to the sample, the second excitation signal having a second bandwidth and spanning a second millimeter-wave frequency range different than the first millimeter-wave frequency range, wherein the mixer is configured to receive the second emission signal in response to the second excitation signal.
11. The apparatus of claim 9 , the mixer further configured to mix the first emission signal with the first LO by:
mixing a first portion of the first emission signal with the first LO at a first frequency; and
mixing a second portion of the first emission signal with the first LO at a second frequency.
12. The apparatus of claim 9 , the first excitation signal including a first chirped excitation signal and the first LO including a first single-frequency LO.
13. The apparatus of claim 9 , the first excitation signal and the first LO having a first relative phase difference and the second excitation signal and the second LO having a second relative phase difference equal to the first relative phase difference.
14. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the first emission signal is representative of a first free-induction decay emission from the sample and the second emission signal is representative of a second free-induction decay emission from the sample.
15. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a signal source configured to apply the first excitation signal to the sample, the signal source including:
a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) configured to generate a first chirped waveform; and
a frequency multiplier, operably coupled to the DAC, to generate the first excitation signal from the first chirped waveform.
16. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) configured to generate the first excitation signal and the second excitation signal.
17. The apparatus of claim 9 , the processor further configured to compute one or more central tendencies associated with the sample based on one or more of the first digital signal, the second digital signal, and the combined digital signal.
18. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising:
a signal source configured to apply the first excitation signal to the sample and to apply the second excitation signal to the sample; and
a precision oscillator coupled to the signal source and configured to provide a reference frequency based at least in part on an atomic or molecular energy level transition.
19. The apparatus of claim 9 , the combined digital signal having a bandwidth of up to 200 GHz.
20. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the conversion bandwidth of the ADC is about 1 GHz or less.
21. A method, comprising:
digitizing, with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a plurality of emission signals to produce a plurality of digital signals, each emission signal in the plurality of emission signals spanning a different bandwidth and representing a different free induction decay by a sample; and
combining the plurality of digital signals to form a combined digital signal having a bandwidth greater than a conversion bandwidth of the ADC.