Protein screening methods

1. A method of selecting an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide capable of binding to an antigen of interest, comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes, wherein at least a portion of the complexes contain different polypeptide-encoding sequences;

(b) contacting the library with an antigen of interest;

(c) selecting from the library at least one nucleic acid-polypeptide complex that binds to the antigen of interest; and

(d) isolating the polypeptide-encoding sequence of the selected nucleic acid-polypeptide complex,

wherein each member of the library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes comprises:

(a) a first nucleic acid molecule comprising a polypeptide-encoding sequence;

(b) a polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid molecule; and

(c) a second nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic sequence complementary to a portion of the first nucleic acid molecule, wherein the first nucleic acid molecule is bound to the second nucleic acid molecule through complementary nucleic acid base pairing, and wherein the second nucleic acid molecule is non-covalently bound to the polypeptide.

2. A method of producing a polypeptide capable of binding to an antigen of interest, comprising:

(a) providing a polypeptide-encoding sequence selected by;

(i) providing a library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes, wherein at least a portion of the complexes contain different polypeptide-encoding sequences;

(ii) contacting the library with an antigen of interest;

(iii) selecting from the library at least one nucleic acid-polypeptide complex that binds to the antigen of interest; and

(iv) isolating the polypeptide-encoding sequence of the selected nucleic acid-polypeptide complex,

wherein each member of the library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes comprises:

(i) a first nucleic acid molecule comprising a polypeptide-encoding sequence;

(ii) a polypeptide encoded by the first nucleic acid molecule; and

(iii) a second nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic sequence complementary to a portion of the first nucleic acid molecule, wherein the first nucleic acid molecule is bound to the second nucleic acid molecule through complementary nucleic acid base pairing, and wherein the second nucleic acid molecule is non-covalently bound to the polypeptide; and

(b) expressing the polypeptide encoded by the polypeptide-encoding sequence.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the polypeptide further comprises an affinity tag.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the affinity tag is a FLAG, myc, histidine, or HA tag.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first nucleic acid molecule comprises a source tag.

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of an antibody, a VH domain, a VL domain, a Fab fragment, a single chain antibody, a nanobody, a unibody, an adnectin, an affibody, a DARPin, an anticalin, an avimer, a 10 Fn3 domain, and a versabody.

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first nucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of ssRNA, ssDNA, ssDNA/RNA hybrid dsDNA, and dsDNA/RNA hybrid.

8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first nucleic acid molecule does not contain an in-frame stop codon 3′ of the polypeptide-encoding sequence.

9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the nucleic acid-polypeptide complex does not contain a ribosome.

10. A method of producing a polypeptide capable of binding to an antigen of interest, comprising:

(a) providing a polypeptide-encoding sequence selected by

(i) providing a library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes, wherein at least a portion of the complexes contain different polypeptide-encoding sequences;

(ii) contacting the library with an antigen of interest;

(iii) selecting from the library at least one nucleic acid-polypeptide complex that binds to the antigen of interest; and

(iv) isolating the polypeptide-encoding sequence of the selected nucleic acid-polypeptide complex,

wherein each member of the library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes comprises:

(i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polypeptide-encoding sequence, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is covalently bound to a first high affinity ligand;

(ii) a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked at the C-terminal residue through a peptide acceptor to a second high affinity ligand; and

(iii) a single multimeric ligand acceptor protein, wherein the single multimeric ligand acceptor protein is bound noncovalently and directly to both the first and second high affinity ligand at distinct ligand binding sites on the ligand acceptor protein, thereby noncovalently linking the nucleic acid molecule and the polypeptide; and

(b) expressing the polypeptide encoded by the polypeptide-encoding sequence.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the peptide acceptor is selected from the group consisting of puromycin, pyrazolopyrimidine, phenylalanyl-adenosine, tyrosyl adenosine, alanyl adenosine, phenylalanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, alanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, and tyrosyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the peptide acceptor is puromycin.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first high affinity ligand is biotin.

14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the second high affinity ligand is biotin.

15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first and second high affinity ligands are biotin.

16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the multimeric ligand acceptor protein is streptavidin.

17. The method of claim 10 , wherein the polypeptide further comprises an affinity tag.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the affinity tag is a FLAG, myc, histidine, or HA tag.

19. The method of claim 10 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a source tag.

20. The method of claim 10 , wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of an antibody, a VH domain, a VL domain, a Fab fragment, a single chain antibody, a nanobody, a unibody, an adnectin, an affibody, a DARPin, an anticalin, an avimer, a 10 Fn3 domain, and a versabody.

21. The method of claim 10 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of ssRNA, ssDNA, ssDNA/RNA hybrid dsDNA, and dsDNA/RNA hybrid.

22. The method of claim 10 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule does not contain an in-frame stop codon 3′ of the polypeptide-encoding sequence.

23. The method of claim 10 , wherein the nucleic acid-polypeptide complex does not contain a ribosome.

24. The method of claim 10 , wherein the peptide acceptor is bound to the second high affinity ligand through a linker.

25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the linker comprises polyethylene glycol.

26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the linker comprises polysialic acid.

27. A method of producing a polypeptide capable of binding to an antigen of interest, comprising:

(a) providing a polypeptide-encoding sequence selected by

(i) providing a library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes, wherein at least a portion of the complexes contain different polypeptide-encoding sequences;

(ii) contacting the library with an antigen of interest;

(iii) selecting from the library at least one nucleic acid-polypeptide complex that binds to the antigen of interest; and

(iv) isolating the polypeptide-encoding sequence of the selected nucleic acid-polypeptide complex,

wherein each member of the library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes comprises:

(i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polypeptide-encoding sequence, wherein the 3′ region of the nucleic acid molecule is covalently bound to a first biotin molecule;

(ii) a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked at the C-terminal residue through a peptide acceptor to a second biotin molecule; and

(iii) a single multimeric biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is bound noncovalently and directly to both the first and second biotin molecules at distinct ligand binding sites on the biotin-binding protein, thereby noncovalently linking the nucleic acid molecule and the polypeptide; and

(b) expressing the polypeptide encoded by the polypeptide-encoding sequence.

28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the peptide acceptor is selected from the group consisting of puromycin, pyrazolopyrimidine, phenylalanyl-adenosine, tyrosyl adenosine, alanyl adenosine, phenylalanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, alanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, and tyrosyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine.

29. The method of claim 27 , wherein the peptide acceptor is puromycin.

30. The method of claim 27 , wherein the multimeric biotin-binding protein is streptavidin.

31. The method of claim 27 , wherein the polypeptide further comprises an affinity tag.

32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the affinity tag is a FLAG, myc, histidine, or HA tag.

33. The method of claim 27 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a source tag.

34. The method of claim 27 , wherein the polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of an antibody, a VH domain, a VL domain, a Fab fragment, a single chain antibody, a nanobody, a unibody, an adnectin, an affibody, a DARPin, an anticalin, an avimer, a 10 Fn3 domain, and a versabody.

35. The method of claim 27 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule is selected from the group consisting of ssRNA, ssDNA, ssDNA/RNA hybrid dsDNA, and dsDNA/RNA hybrid.

36. The method of claim 27 , wherein the nucleic acid molecule does not contain an in-frame stop codon 3′ of the polypeptide-encoding sequence.

37. The method of claim 27 , wherein the nucleic acid-polypeptide complex does not contain a ribosome.

38. The method of claim 27 , wherein the peptide acceptor is bound to the second biotin molecule through a linker.

39. The method of claim 38 , wherein the linker comprises polyethylene glycol.

40. The method of claim 38 , wherein the linker comprises polysialic acid.

41. A method of selecting an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide capable of binding to an antigen of interest, comprising the steps of:

(i) providing a library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes, wherein at least a portion of the complexes contain different polypeptide-encoding sequences;

(ii) contacting the library with an antigen of interest;

(iii) selecting from the library at least one nucleic acid-polypeptide complex that binds to the antigen of interest; and

(iv) isolating the polypeptide-encoding sequence of the selected nucleic acid-polypeptide complex,

wherein each member of the library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes comprises:

(i) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polypeptide-encoding sequence, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is covalently bound to a first high affinity ligand;

(ii) a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked at the C-terminal residue through a peptide acceptor to a second high affinity ligand; and

(iii) a single multimeric ligand acceptor protein, wherein the single multimeric ligand acceptor protein is bound noncovalently and directly to both the first and second high affinity ligand at distinct ligand binding sites on the ligand acceptor protein, thereby noncovalently linking the nucleic acid molecule and the polypeptide.

42. The method of claim 41 , wherein the peptide acceptor is selected from the group consisting of puromycin, pyrazolopyrimidine, phenylalanyl-adenosine, tyrosyl adenosine, alanyl adenosine, phenylalanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, alanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, and tyrosyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine.

43. A method of selecting an isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding a polypeptide capable of binding to an antigen of interest, comprising the steps of:

(a) providing a library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes, wherein at least a portion of the complexes contain different polypeptide-encoding sequences;

(b) contacting the library with an antigen of interest;

(c) selecting from the library at least one nucleic acid-polypeptide complex that binds to the antigen of interest; and

(d) isolating the polypeptide-encoding sequence of the selected nucleic acid-polypeptide complex,

wherein each member of the library of nucleic acid-polypeptide complexes comprises:

(a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising a polypeptide-encoding sequence, wherein the 3′ region of the nucleic acid molecule is covalently bound to a first biotin molecule;

(b) a polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acid molecule, wherein the polypeptide is covalently linked at the C-terminal residue through a peptide acceptor to a second biotin molecule; and

(c) a single multimeric biotin-binding protein, wherein the biotin-binding protein is bound noncovalently and directly to both the first and second biotin molecules at distinct ligand binding sites on the biotin-binding protein, thereby noncovalently linking the nucleic acid molecule and the polypeptide.

44. The method of claim 43 , wherein the peptide acceptor is selected from the group consisting of puromycin, pyrazolopyrimidine, phenylalanyl-adenosine, tyrosyl adenosine, alanyl adenosine, phenylalanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, alanyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine, and tyrosyl 3′ deoxy 3′ amino adenosine.