Electrode systems for use with medical monitoring systems
Electrode systems for use with neuromuscular monitoring systems are provided herein. An example electrode system for use with a monitoring system can include a flexible substrate, a connector interface, one or more stimulating electrodes, one or more recording electrodes and a plurality of conductive traces carried on the flexible substrate. The connector interface can be configured to communicatively connect the electrode system with the monitoring system. In addition, the one or more stimulating electrodes can be configured to deliver an electrical pulse, and the one or more recording electrodes can be configured to receive an electrical signal. The plurality of conductive traces can electrically connect at least one stimulating electrode or at least one recording electrode with the connector interface. Further, each of the one or more stimulating electrodes can have an elongate shape with a length dimension that is substantially greater than a width dimension.
1. An electrode system comprising:
a flexible substrate having a length axis and a width axis, wherein said length axis is substantially greater than said width axis, said flexible substrate comprising no more than three islands and bridges between the islands;
a connector interface carried on the flexible substrate and configured to communicatively connect the electrode system with a monitoring system;
one or more stimulating electrodes carried on a first island of the flexible substrate, said one or more stimulating electrodes configured to deliver an electrical pulse;
a first bridge that connects the first island to a second island and a second bridge that connects the second island to a third island;
no more than one recording electrodes carried on the second island of the flexible substrate and configured to detect an electrical signal;
one recording electrode carried on the third island of the flexible substrate and configured to detect an electrical signal; and
a plurality of conductive traces carried on the flexible substrate, wherein a first one of the plurality of conductive traces routes across the first island, the first bridge, the second island, and the second bridge to electrically connect the one recording electrode carried on the third island with the connector interface, and wherein a second one of the plurality of conductive traces routes across the first island and the first bridge to electrically connect the no more than one recording electrode carried on the second island with the connector interface, and wherein a third one or more of the plurality of conductive traces electrically connect the one or more stimulating electrodes carried on the first island with the connector interface, wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes has a rectangular-elongate shape with a length dimension that is at least two times greater than a width dimension and said length dimension is substantially perpendicular to the length axis of the flexible substrate.
2. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the length dimension is at least five times greater than the width dimension.
3. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes has at least one rounded corner.
4. The electrode system of claim 3 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes comprises first and second sides that define the length dimension.
5. The electrode system of claim 4 , wherein the first and second sides extend substantially in parallel along the length dimension.
6. The electrode system of claim 4 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes comprises third and fourth sides that define the width dimension.
7. The electrode system of claim 6 , wherein one of the third and fourth sides forms the at least one rounded corner, the at least one rounded corner connecting the first and second sides.
8. The electrode system of claim 6 , wherein the at least one rounded corner connects one of the first and second side and one of the third and fourth side.
9. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes has a maximum surface area less than or equal to 1.5 cm 2 .
10. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the flexible substrate defines proximal and distal ends, the connector interface being disposed at the proximal end of the flexible substrate.
11. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more stimulating electrodes comprise at least two stimulating electrodes, the stimulating electrodes being spaced apart on the first island of the flexible substrate.
12. The electrode system of claim 1 , further comprising a dielectric layer carried on the flexible substrate, the dielectric layer providing electrical insulation between any two of the plurality of conductive traces, the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes.
13. The electrode system of claim 1 , further comprising a foam layer carried on the flexible substrate, wherein the foam layer defines a plurality of openings around each of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes.
14. The electrode system of claim 13 , further comprising a conductive adhesive arranged in at least one of the plurality of openings in the foam layer, the conductive adhesive capable of binding to a subject's skin.
15. The electrode system of claim 13 , further comprising a transfer adhesive layer that binds the foam layer and the flexible substrate.
16. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of conductive traces are formed from at least one of a conductive silver or silver-carbon ink.
17. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes comprises a first layer carried on the flexible substrate and a second layer carried on the first layer, the first layer being formed from at least one of a conductive silver or silver-carbon ink and the second layer being formed from a conductive silver-silver chloride ink.
18. The electrode system of claim 17 , wherein each of the plurality of conductive traces is connected to the first layer of at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes.
19. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more stimulating electrodes are configured to deliver the electrical pulse to a subject, and the recording electrodes of the electrode system are configured to detect electrical activity of at least one of a muscular response or a nerve response to the delivered electrical pulse.
20. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein a surface area of each of the one or more stimulating electrodes is greater than a surface area of each of the recording electrodes.
21. The electrode system of claim 20 , wherein the surface area of each of the one or more stimulating electrodes is approximately 1.5 times greater than the surface area of each of the recording electrodes.
22. The electrode system of claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring a temperature of a subject to which the electrode system is applied, the temperature sensor being carried on the flexible substrate.
23. The electrode system of claim 1 , further comprising a security IC chip configured to provide authentication between the electrode system and the monitoring system, the security IC chip being carried on the flexible substrate.
24. The electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes of the electrode system consist only of one or more stimulating electrodes and recording electrodes carried on the flexible substrate and do not include a common ground electrode.
25. A method for manufacturing an electrode system, comprising:
providing a flexible substrate having a length axis and a width axis, wherein said length axis is substantially greater than said width axis, said flexible substrate comprising no more than three islands which comprise a first island, a first bridge that connects the first island to a second island and a second bridge that connects the second island to a third island;
providing a connector interface on the flexible substrate, the connector interface being configured to communicatively connect the electrode system with a monitoring system;
providing one or more stimulating electrodes on the first island of the flexible substrate, the one or more stimulating electrodes being configured to deliver an electrical pulse;
providing no more than one recording electrodes on the second island of the flexible substrate, the one recording electrodes configured to detect an electrical signal;
providing only one recording electrode on the third island of the flexible substrate, the one recording electrode configured to detect an electrical signal; and
providing a plurality of conductive traces on the flexible substrate, wherein a first one of the plurality of conductive traces routes across the first island, the first bridge, the second island, and the second bridge to electrically connect the one recording electrode carried on the third island with the connector interface, and wherein a second one of the plurality of conductive traces routes across the first island and the first bridge to electrically connect the one recording electrode carried on the second island with the connector interface, and wherein a third one or more of the plurality of conductive traces electrically connect the one or more stimulating electrodes carried on the first island with the connector interface, wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes has a rectangular-elongate shape with a length dimension that is at least two times greater than a width dimension and said length dimension is substantially perpendicular to the length axis of the flexible substrate.
26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the length dimension is at least five times greater than the width dimension.
27. The method of claim 25 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes has at least one rounded corner.
28. The method of claim 25 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes has a maximum surface area less than or equal to 1.5 cm 2 .
29. The method of claim 25 , further comprising providing a dielectric layer on the flexible substrate, wherein the dielectric layer provides electrical insulation between any two of the plurality of conductive traces, the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes.
30. The method of claim 25 , further comprising providing a foam layer on the flexible substrate, wherein the foam layer defines a plurality of openings around each of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes.
31. The method of claim 30 , further comprising providing a conductive adhesive arranged in at least one of the plurality of openings in the foam layer, the conductive adhesive capable of binding to a subject's skin.
32. The method of claim 30 , further comprising providing a transfer adhesive layer that binds the foam layer and the flexible substrate.
33. The method of claim 25 , wherein providing the plurality of conductive traces further comprises printing at least one of a conductive silver or silver-carbon ink on the flexible substrate.
34. The method of claim 25 , wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes comprises a first layer carried on the flexible substrate and a second layer carried on the first layer, the first layer being formed from at least one of a conductive silver or silver-carbon ink and the second layer being formed from a conductive silver-silver chloride ink.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein providing one or more stimulating electrodes and recording electrodes further comprises printing the first layer formed from the at least one of a conductive silver or silver-carbon ink on the flexible substrate and printing the second layer formed from the conductive silver-silver chloride ink on the first layer.
36. The method of claim 35 , wherein each of the plurality of conductive traces is connected to the first layer of at least one of the one or more stimulating electrodes and the recording electrodes.
37. The method of claim 25 , wherein a surface area of each of the one or more stimulating electrodes is greater than a surface area of each of the recording electrodes.
38. The method of claim 37 , wherein the surface area of each of the one or more stimulating electrodes is approximately 1.5 times greater than the surface area of each of the recording electrodes.
39. The method of claim 25 , further comprising providing a temperature sensor for measuring a temperature of a subject to which the electrode system is applied on the flexible substrate.
40. The method of claim 25 , further comprising providing a security IC chip configured to provide authentication between the electrode system and the monitoring system on the flexible substrate.
41. The method of claim 25 , wherein the electrodes of the electrode system consist only of one or more stimulating electrodes and recording electrodes carried on the flexible substrate and do not include a common ground electrode.
42. A system for assessing muscle electrical activity in a subject, comprising:
a motor nerve stimulator configured to generate an electrical pulse to stimulate a targeted motor nerve of the subject;
a recording apparatus for recording electrical activity of a muscle innervated by the motor nerve; and
an electrode system comprising:
a flexible substrate having a length axis and a width axis, wherein said length axis is substantially greater than said width axis, said flexible substrate comprising no more than three islands, which comprise a first island, a first bridge that connects the first island to a second island and a second bridge that connects the second island to a third island;
a connector interface carried on the flexible substrate and configured to communicatively connect the electrode system with the motor nerve stimulator and the recording apparatus;
one or more stimulating electrodes carried on the first island of the flexible substrate and configured to deliver the generated electrical pulse to a motor nerve of the subject;
no more than one recording electrodes carried on the second island of the flexible substrate and configured to detect a muscle electrical activity of a muscle innervated by the motor nerve;
one recording electrode on the third island of the flexible substrate, the one recording electrode configured to detect an electrical signal; and
a plurality of conductive traces carried on the flexible substrate, wherein a first one of the plurality of conductive traces route across the first island, the first bridge, the second island, and the second bridge to electrically connect the one recording electrode carried on the third island with the connector interface, and wherein a second one of the plurality of conductive traces route across the first island and the first bridge to electrically connect the one recording electrode carried on the second island with the connector interface, and wherein a third one or more of the plurality of conductive traces electrically connect the one or more stimulating electrodes carried on the first island with the connector interface, wherein each of the one or more stimulating electrodes has a rectangular-elongate shape with a length dimension that is at least two times greater than a width dimension and said length dimension is substantially perpendicular to the length axis of the flexible substrate.
43. The system of claim 42 , wherein the electrodes of the electrode system consist only of one or more stimulating electrodes and recording electrodes carried on the flexible substrate and do not include a common ground electrode.