Vertically aligned arrays of carbon nanotubes formed on multilayer substrates
Multilayer substrates for the growth and/or support of CNT arrays are provided. These multilayer substrates both promote the growth of dense vertically aligned CNT arrays and provide excellent adhesion between the CNTs and metal surfaces. Carbon nanotube arrays formed using multilayer substrates, which exhibit high thermal conductivity and excellent durability, are also provided. These arrays can be used as thermal interface materials.
1. A method of improving the transfer of heat from a heat source to a heat sink, comprising placing or affixing in between the heat source and the heat sink an array of carbon nanotubes formed on a multilayer substrate, the substrate comprising
an inert support;
an adhesion layer between about 10 nm and about 150 nm in thickness present on one or more surfaces of the support;
an interface layer between about 5 nm and about 50 nm in thickness present on the adhesion layer; and
a catalytic layer between about 10 nm and about 1 nm in thickness located on the interface layer;
wherein the adhesion layer consists essentially of iron;
wherein the interface layer consists essentially of aluminum or aluminum oxide;
wherein the adhesion layer and the catalytic layer have the same chemical composition; and
wherein the interface layer is formed on a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles or aggregates;
the catalytic layer is formed of a plurality of nanoparticles or aggregates deposited on the metal oxide nanoparticles or aggregates; and
a plurality of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes are attached to the catalytic nanoparticles or aggregates.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inert support is a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, platinum, gold, nickel, iron, tin, lead, silver, titanium, indium, copper, or combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inert support is a metal alloy.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the alloy is copper-tungsten pseudoalloy, diamond in copper-silver alloy matrix, or combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the support is selected from the group consisting of silicon carbide in an aluminum matrix, beryllium oxide in beryllium matrix, or combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adhesion layer is between about 10 nm and about 100 nm in thickness.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the interface layer is between about 7 nm and about 30 nm in thickness.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic layer is between about 5 nm and about 1 nm in thickness.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the adhesion layer is about 30 nm in thickness, the interface layer is about 10 nm in thickness, and the catalytic layer is about 3 nm in thickness.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes of the array are present at a density of between about 1×10 7 to 1×10 11 nanotubes per mm 2 on the inert support.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes of the array are present at a density between about 1×10 8 and 1×10 10 nanotubes per mm 2 on the inert support.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes of the array are present at a density between about 1×10 9 and 1×10 10 nanotubes per mm 2 on the inert support.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least 90% of the carbon nanotubes remain on the surface of the array after sonication in ethanol.
14. The method of claim 1 , further comprising one or more polymers absorbed to the distal ends of the carbon nanotubes.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the one or more polymers are selected from the group consisting of poly(3-hexylthipohene), polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, poly(methyl methacrylate), polydimethylsiloxane, and blends thereof.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising one or more metal nanoparticles absorbed to the distal ends of the carbon nanotubes of the array.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the one or more metal nanoparticles comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of palladium, gold, silver, titanium, iron, nickel, copper, and combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a flowable or phase change material in the space between carbon nanotubes.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the flowable or phase change material is selected from the group consisting of paraffin waxes, polyethylene waxes, liquid metals, oils, organic-inorganic eutectics, inorganic-inorganic eutectics, and blends thereof.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the array of carbon nanotubes is placed or affixed in between an integrated circuit package and a finned heat exchanger.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the morphology of the carbon nanotubes of the array are modified by evaporating a liquid in which the array was immersed.