Antimicrobial guanidinium and thiouronium functionalized polymers
Antimicrobial cationic polycarbonates and polyurethanes have been prepared comprising one or more pendent guanidinium and/or isothiouronium groups. Additionally, antimicrobial particles were prepared having a silica core linked to surface groups comprising a guanidinium and/or isothiouronium group. The cationic polymers and cationic particles can be potent antimicrobial agents against Gram-negative microbes, Gram-positive microbes, and/or fungi.
1. An antimicrobial cationic polymer, comprising a cationic subunit of formula (A-1):
wherein
atoms 1-6 are backbone atoms of the cationic polymer,
m is 1 or 2,
n is 0 or 1, wherein when m is 2, n is 0,
each R′ is an independent monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons, and
each Q″ is an independent group comprising a guanidinium and/or isothiouronium group.
2. The cationic polymer of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polycarbonates and polyurethanes.
3. The cationic polymer of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer is capable of killing a Gram-positive bacterium, a Gram-negative bacterium, and/or a fungus.
4. The cationic polymer of claim 1 , wherein m is 1 and n is 1.
5. The cationic polymer of claim 1 , wherein the cationic subunit has a structure according to formula (A-2):
wherein
atoms 1-6 are backbone atoms of the cationic polymer,
L′ is a divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 2 to 30 carbons,
Q′ is *—N(H)—* or *—S—*,
each R′ is an independent monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
X′ is a negative-charged counterion, and
Y′ is *—O—* or *—N(H)—*.
6. The cationic polymer of claim 5 , wherein L′ is selected from the group consisting of 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,4-butylene, 1,5-pentylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, and 1,4-phenylene.
7. The cationic polymer of claim 5 , wherein Q′ is *—N(H)—*.
8. The cationic polymer of claim 5 , wherein Q′ is *—S—*.
9. The cationic polymer of claim 5 , wherein Y′ is *—O—*.
10. The cationic polymer of claim 5 , wherein R″ is methyl or ethyl.
11. The cationic polymer of claim 5 , wherein X′ is a negative-charged counterion selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, benzoate, trifluoroacetate, hydrogen carbonate, methansulfonate, hydrogen sulfate, and dihydrogen phosphate.
12. The cationic polymer of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer has a structure in accordance with formula (B-1):
Z′—P′—Z″ (B-1),
wherein
Z′ is a monovalent first end group comprising 1 to 40 carbons,
Z″ is a monovalent second end group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and groups comprising 1 to 40 carbons, and
P′ is a polymer chain comprising the cationic subunit of formula (A-1).
13. The cationic polymer of claim 12 , wherein P′ is a polycarbonate.
14. The cationic polymer of claim 12 , wherein P′ is a polyurethane.
15. The cationic polymer of claim 1 , wherein the cationic polymer has a structure in accordance with formula (B-2):
Z b —P b —C′—P b —Z b (B-2),
wherein
each P b is an independent polymer chain comprising the cationic subunit,
C′ is a divalent linking group (core group) comprising 2 to 25 carbons, wherein C′ comprises two heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, wherein the heteroatoms are covalently linked to respective polymer chains P b , and
each Z b is an independent monovalent end group selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and groups comprising 1 to 40 carbons.
16. A method of killing a microbe, comprising contacting the microbe with the cationic polymer of claim 1 .
17. An antimicrobial particle, comprising:
a core comprising silica; and
a plurality of independent surface groups covalently linked to the core, wherein one or more of the surface groups comprises one or more cationic subunits of formula (A-2):
wherein
atoms 1-6 are backbone atoms of the surface groups,
L′ is a divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 2 to 30 carbons,
Q′ is *—N(H)—* or *—S—*,
each R′ is an independent monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
X′ is a negative-charged counterion, and
Y′ is *—O—* or *—N(H)—*.
18. A method of killing a microbe, comprising contacting the microbe with the particle of claim 17 .
19. The method of claim 18 , where the microbe is a Gram-positive microbe, Gram-negative microbe, and/or a fungus.
20. An antimicrobial composition comprising the cationic polymer of claim 1 and at least one other chemical component bound by non-covalent interactions.
21. The antimicrobial composition of claim 20 , wherein the antimicrobial composition is selected from the group consisting of soaps, shampoos, skin lotions, skin creams, cosmetics, mouthwashes, wound care agents, deodorants, surface cleaning agents, and laundry detergents.
22. An antimicrobial cationic polycarbonate, comprising:
a cationic subunit of formula (A-4):
wherein
atoms 1-6 are backbone atoms of the cationic polycarbonate,
L′ is a divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 2 to 30 carbons,
Q′ is *—N(H)—* or *—S—*,
R′ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
X′ is a negative-charged counterion, and
W′ is a single bond, *—O—*, or *—N(H)—*.
23. An antimicrobial cationic polyurethane, comprising:
a cationic repeat unit according to formula (U-1):
wherein
atoms 1-6 are backbone atoms of the cationic polyurethane,
m is integer having a value of 1 or 2,
n is 0 or 1, wherein when m is 2, n is 0,
each R′ is an independent monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
R″ is a monovalent radical selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbons,
Z a is a divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 2 to 20 carbons, and
each Q″ is an independent group comprising a guanidinium and/or isothiouronium group.
24. The cationic polyurethane of claim 23 , wherein each Q″ has a structure according to formula (U-2):
*-L 5 -G 5 (U-2),
wherein
L 5 is a single bond or a divalent linking group comprising 1 to 10 carbons, wherein L 5 is linked to carbon 5 of formula (U-1), and
each G 5 comprises a guanidinium and/or isothiouronium group.
25. The cationic polyurethane of claim 23 , wherein G 5 is
where each X′ is a negative-charged counterion.
26. The cationic polyurethane of claim 23 , wherein G 5 is
where each X′ is a negative-charged counterion.
27. The cationic polyurethane of claim 22 , comprising:
a second urethane-containing repeat unit of formula (U-3):
wherein
w′ is integer having an average value of 1 to 100, and
Z a is a divalent hydrocarbon radical comprising 2 to 20 carbons.