Gas separation process using membranes with permeate sweep to remove CO
A gas separation process for treating exhaust gases from combustion processes. The invention involves routing a first portion of the exhaust stream to a carbon dioxide capture step, while simultaneously flowing a second portion of the exhaust gas stream across the feed side of a membrane, flowing a sweep gas stream, usually air, across the permeate side, then passing the permeate/sweep gas back to the combustor.
1. A process for controlling carbon dioxide exhaust from a combustion process, comprising:
(a) combusting a mixture comprising a fuel and air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen in a combustion apparatus, thereby creating an exhaust stream comprising carbon dioxide and nitrogen;
(b) routing the exhaust stream to a compression apparatus to compress the exhaust stream, thereby producing a compressed stream;
(c) separating a first portion of the compressed stream in a carbon dioxide capture unit adapted to selectively remove carbon dioxide, thereby producing a carbon dioxide-enriched stream and a carbon dioxide-depleted off-gas stream;
(d) providing a membrane having a feed side and a permeate side, and being selectively permeable to carbon dioxide over the nitrogen and to carbon dioxide over oxygen;
(e) passing a second portion of the compressed stream across the feed side;
(f) passing air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen as a sweep stream across the permeate side;
(g) withdrawing from the feed side a carbon dioxide-depleted residue stream;
(h) withdrawing from the permeate side a permeate stream comprising oxygen and carbon dioxide;
(i) passing the permeate stream to step (a) as at least part of the air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen used in step (a); and
(j) routing the carbon dioxide-depleted off-gas stream from step (c) and the carbon dioxide-depleted residue stream from step (g) as a part of a working gas stream to an expander unit, and operating the expander unit, thereby generating power and producing a vent stream.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the combustion apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a boiler, a furnace, an oven, a gas turbine, and a gas-powered or a diesel-powered engine.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the combustion apparatus is a gas-powered or a diesel-powered engine.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the exhaust stream comprises at least 15 vol % CO 2 .
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the compressed stream comprises between about 10 vol % and about 66 vol % of the compressed stream.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the first portion of the compressed stream comprises between about 20 vol % and about 50 vol % of the compressed stream.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein the first portion of the compressed stream comprises between about 25 vol % and about 35 vol % of the compressed stream.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide capture unit comprises at least one process selected from the group consisting of absorption, adsorption, liquefaction and membrane separation.
9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the carbon dioxide capture step comprises amine scrubbing.
10. The process of claim 8 , wherein the carbon dioxide capture step comprises membrane separation.
11. The process of claim 10 , wherein the carbon dioxide capture step comprises two or more membrane separation steps.
12. The process of claim 1 , wherein the exhaust stream is compressed to a pressure of up to about 5 bar in step (b).
13. The process of claim 1 , wherein the sweep stream follows a sweep flow direction across the permeate side, the second portion of the compressed stream follows a feed flow direction across the feed side, and the sweep flow direction is substantially countercurrent to the feed flow direction.
14. The process of claim 1 , wherein the membrane exhibits a carbon dioxide permeance of at least 500 gpu under process operating conditions.
15. The process of claim 1 , wherein the membrane exhibits a selectivity in favor of carbon dioxide over nitrogen of at least 10 under process operating conditions.
16. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vent stream comprises 5 vol % carbon dioxide or less.
17. The process of claim 1 , wherein the expander unit is a turbo expander mechanically linked to the compression apparatus.
18. The process of claim 1 , further comprising the step of routing the exhaust stream from step (a) to a condensation unit, thereby producing a water stream, prior to step (b).
19. The process of claims 1 or 18 , further comprising the step of routing the compressed stream from step (b) to a condensation unit or a second condensation unit, respectively, thereby producing a water or second water stream, prior to steps (c) and (e).
20. The process of claim 11 , wherein a permeate stream from a second or additional membrane separation step in step (c) is passed as at least part of the air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen used in step (a).
21. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide-enriched stream comprises at least 60 vol % CO 2 .
22. A process for controlling carbon dioxide exhaust from a combustion process, comprising:
(a) combusting a mixture comprising a fuel and air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen in a combustion apparatus, thereby creating an exhaust stream comprising carbon dioxide and nitrogen;
(b) routing the exhaust stream to a compression apparatus to compress the exhaust stream, thereby producing a compressed stream;
(c) separating a first portion of the compressed stream in a carbon dioxide capture, unit adapted to selectively remove carbon dioxide, thereby producing a carbon dioxide-enriched stream and a carbon dioxide-depleted off-gas stream;
(d) providing a membrane having a feed side and a permeate side, and being selectively permeable to carbon dioxide over nitrogen and to carbon dioxide over oxygen;
(e) passing a second portion of the compressed stream across the feed side;
(f) passing air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen as a sweep stream across the permeate side;
(g) withdrawing from the feed side a carbon dioxide-depleted residue stream;
(h) withdrawing from the permeate side a permeate stream comprising oxygen and carbon dioxide;
(i) passing the permeate stream to step (a) as at least part of the air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen used in step (a); and
(j) routing at least one of the carbon dioxide-depleted off-gas stream from step (c) or the carbon dioxide-depleted residue stream from step (g) as a part of a working gas stream to an expander unit, and operating the expander unit, thereby generating power and producing a vent stream,
wherein the exhaust gas from the combustion apparatus is cooled prior to compression by heat exchange with at least a portion of the working gas stream being routed to the expander unit in step (j).