Geopolymer resin materials, geopolymer materials, and materials produced thereby
A product formed from a first material including a geopolymer resin material, a geopolymer material, or a combination thereof by contacting the first material with a fluid and removing at least some of the fluid to yield a product. The first material may be formed by heating and/or aging an initial geopolymer resin material to yield the first material before contacting the first material with the fluid. In some cases, contacting the first material with the fluid breaks up or disintegrates the first material (e.g., in response to contact with the fluid and in the absence of external mechanical stress), thereby forming particles having an external dimension in a range between 1 nm and 2 cm.
1. A method comprising:
heating, aging, or heating and aging a geopolymer resin material to yield a first material;
contacting the first material with a fluid; and
removing at least some of the fluid to yield a second material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second material comprises particulates.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the second material comprises a dispersion, suspension, sludge or paste containing the particulates.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein a majority or a significant majority of the particulates exhibit micropores with a pore diameter not larger than 2 nm.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein a majority or a significant majority of the particulates have one or more external dimensions in the size range from about 0.1 μm to about 100 μm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second material is a powder, a powder cake, a suspension, a slurry, a sludge, a paste, or dried particulates.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising treating the second material to produce a third material.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein treating the second material changes the chemical composition, the chemical structure, or the morphology of at least one component of the second material.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein treating the second material comprises:
adding an additive to the second material to form a mixture, followed by spinning, spreading, screeding, spraying, dispensing, injecting, foaming, shaping, molding, granulating, ribboning, extruding, or pultruding the mixture, or
adding an additive to the second material, followed by spinning, spreading, screeding, spraying, dispensing, injecting, foaming, shaping, molding, ribboning, extruding, or pultruding the mixture and heating the mixture during at least part of the time during spinning, spreading, screeding, spraying, dispensing, injecting, foaming, shaping, molding, granulating, ribboning, extruding, or pultruding.
10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the third material is in a form of monoliths, plates, films, thin films, coatings, wires, spheres, beads, pellets, rods, or a combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the third material is a composite comprising organic material, polymer material, inorganic material, biological material, or a combination thereof.
12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the third material is a composite comprising the second material for which:
at least some portion of its pores are impregnated with organic material, polymer material, inorganic material, biological material, or a combination thereof, or
at least some portion of its internal surface, external surface, or both is covered with organic material, polymer material, inorganic material, biological material, or a combination thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first material and the second material comprises a zeolite.
14. The method of claim 7 , wherein the third material has micropores, mesopores, macropores, or a combination thereof.
15. The first material or the second material formed by the method of claim 1 .
16. The first material or the second material of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the first material and the second material consists essentially of or includes a material that consists essentially of particulates, agglomerates of particles, aggregates of particles, or a combination thereof, wherein the particulates or the particles have at least one of:
one or more external dimensions in the size range 1-100 nm for more than about 50% of their number,
internal or surface structures in one or more dimensions in the size range 1-100 nm, and
an external specific surface area by volume greater than 60 m 2 /cm 3 .
17. A composite material comprising the first material of claim 16 , the second material of claim 16 , or the first material and the second material of claim 16 .
18. The third material formed by the method of claim 7 .
19. The third material of claim 18 , wherein the third material consists essentially of or includes a material that consists essentially of particulates, agglomerates of particles, aggregates of particles, or a combination thereof, wherein the particulates or the particles have at least one of:
one or more external dimensions in the size range 1-100 nm for more than about 50% of their number,
internal or surface structures in one or more dimensions in the size range 1-100 nm, and
an external specific surface area by volume greater than 60 m 2 /cm 3 .
20. A composite material comprising the third material of claim 18 .
21. A composite material comprising a second material, wherein the second material is formed by a method comprising:
contacting a first material with a fluid, wherein the first material comprises a geopolymer resin material, a geopolymer material, or a combination thereof, and wherein contacting the first material with the fluid breaks up or disintegrates the first material, thereby forming particles; and
removing at least some of the fluid to yield the second material.