Systems and methods for single-molecule detection using nanotubes

1. A method for single-molecule detection, comprising:

providing a carbon nanotube having a cylindrical outer surface and a probe entity attached to a point defect formed on the cylindrical outer surface that defines a first state of the carbon nanotube;

introducing the carbon nanotube to a target entity to define a second state of the carbon nanotube associated with locally modulating the electrical conductance of the carbon nanotube; and

comparing the electrical conductance of the carbon nanotube in the first and second states to detect the presence of a biomolecular entity.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the point defect includes a single carboxyl group.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the providing further comprises attaching the probe entity to the carbon nanotube via a coupling reaction.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the probe entity comprises a probe DNA.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the probe DNA comprises single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).

6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the target entity comprises a complementary target DNA.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the probe entity comprises a protein, and the target entity comprises a target protein to bind to the probe protein.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the probe entity comprises an enzyme.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the enzyme comprises DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase, and the target entity comprises newly incorporated nucleotides in a synthesized sequence.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein one or more conformational changes of the DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase defines the second state relative to the first state.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the introducing further comprises introducing the carbon nanotube to the target entity in a buffer composition containing the target entity.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the comparing further comprises comparing the electrical conductance of the carbon nanotube in the first and second states to predetermined conductance data to ascertain the identity of the target entity.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the predetermined conductance data comprises a calibration curve.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotube comprises a single-walled carbon nanotube.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotube comprises a field effect transistor that provides an electronic signal for measuring the conductance in the first and second states of the carbon nanotube.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is label free.

17. The method of claim 1 , further comprising one or more fluorescent nucleotide reversible terminators (NRT) attached to the point defect and configured to produce a unique electronic signature when matched to a growing DNA strand.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second state of the carbon nanotube is further associated with modulating scattering along the carbon nanotube.

19. A system for single-molecule detection, comprising:

a carbon nanotube having a cylindrical outer surface and a probe entity attached to a point defect formed on the cylindrical outer surface that defines a first state of the carbon nanotube;

a field effect transistor in electronic communication with the carbon nanotube; and

a supply of a target entity that when introduced to the carbon nanotube defines a second state of the carbon nanotube, associated with locally modulating the electrical conductance of the carbon nanotube, such that the electrical conductance of the carbon nanotube in the first and second states is compared to detect the presence of a biomolecular entity.

20. The system for single-molecule detection of claim 19 , wherein the probe entity comprises a probe DNA.