High temperature tracers for downhole detection of produced water
A tracer composite comprises a tracer disposed in a metal-based carrier which comprises: a cellular nanomatrix and a metal matrix disposed in the cellular nanomatrix, wherein the tracer is detectable at a range of from about 1 ppt to about 1,000 ppm.
1. A tracer composite comprising a tracer disposed in a metal-based carrier which comprises:
a cellular nanomatrix having a thickness of about 10 nanometers to about 200 micros; and
a metal matrix disposed in the cellular nanomatrix, the metal matrix comprising particles having a size of about 50 nanometers to about 800 microns and being surrounded by the cellular nanomatrix; and
a tracer composite core which has a slower disintegrating rate than the metal-based carrier when measured at the same testing conditions, the tracer and the metal-based matrix being disposed on a surface of the tracer composite core, and the tracer composite sore comprising a material that is consolidated or forged from coated particles having a particle core comprising magnesium (Mg) metal or a magnesium (Mg) alloy, and a coating comprising one or more of the following: aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), tungsten (W), copper (Cu), or cobalt (Co);
wherein the tracer is detectable at a minimum concentration of from about 1 part per trillion (ppt) to about 1,000 parts per million (ppm) in a fluid produced from at least one zone of a well,
the tracer comprises one or more of the following: an inorganic anion, an isotope, an activatable element, or an organic compound; and
the metal-based carrier controllably releases the tracer in the presence of water in the fluid produced from at least one zone of the well.
2. The tracer composite of claim 1 , wherein the tracer is present in an amount of 1 to 70 volume percent (vol. %) based on the total volume of the tracer composite.
3. The tracer composite of claim 1 , wherein the tracer composite further comprises an outer member disposed on a surface of the tracer composite.
4. The tracer composite of claim 3 , wherein the outer member has a plurality of apertures.
5. The tracer composite of claim 3 , wherein the outer member has a slower disintegrating rate than the metal-based carrier when tested at the same testing conditions.
6. The tracer composite of claim 1 , wherein the metal matrix comprises magnesium; and the cellular nanomatrix comprises one or more of the following: aluminum, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, magnesium, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, zinc, or an intermetallic compound thereof, and the metal matrix is compositionally different from the cellular nanomatrix.
7. The tracer composite of claim 6 , wherein the metal-based carrier further comprises a disintegration agent comprising one or more of the following: cobalt; copper; iron; or nickel.
8. The tracer composite of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic anion comprises one or more of the following: Au(CN) 2 2− ; Ni(CN) 4 2− , Co(CN) 6 3− , Fe(CN) 6 3− , NO 3 − ; I − ; or SCN − .
9. The tracer composite of claim 1 , wherein the isotope comprises one or more of the following: 16 O; 18 O; 14 N; 15 N; 32 S; 34 S; 36 S; 12 C; 13 C; 86 Sr; 87 Sr; 1 H; 2 H; 10 B, 11 B; 35 Cl, or 37 Cl.
10. The tracer composite of claim 1 , wherein the activatable element comprises one or more of the following: 69 Ga(n, 2n) 68 Ga, 121 Sb(n, 2n) 120 Sb, 138 Ba(n, 2n) 137 mBa, or 63 Cu(n, 2n) 62 Cu.
11. The tracer composite of claim 1 , wherein the tracer comprises one or more of the following: pentafluorobenzoate; meta-trifluoromethylbenzoate; tetrafluorophthalate; 2,3-difluorobenzoic acid; 2,3-dimethylbenzoic acid; 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoic acid; 2,4-difluorobenzoic acid; 2,4-difluorophenylacetic acid; 2,4-dimethylbenzoic acid; 2,5-dimethylbenzoic acid; 2,5-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid; 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid; 2,6-difluorophenylacetic acid; 2,6-dimethylbenzoic acid; 3,4-difluorobenzoic acid; 3,4-dimethylbenzoic acid; 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid; 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid; 3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid; 3-fluoro-4-methylbenzoic acid; 4-ethylbenzenesulfonic acid; 4-ethylbenzenesulfonic acid; 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid; benzoic acid; benzenesulfonic acid; isophthalic acid; meta-fluorobenzoic acid; meta-fluorophenylacetic acid; meta-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid; meta-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid; ortho-fluorobenzoic acid; ortho-trifluorophenylacetic acid; ortho-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid; ortho-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid; phthalic acid; perfluorobenzoic acid; perfluorobenzenesulfonic acid; perfluorophenylacetic acid; para-fluorobenzoic acid; para-fluorophenylacetic acid; para-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid; para-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid; terephthalic acid; 1,3,6,8-pyrene tetrasulfonate; 1,5-naphthalene disulfonate; 1,3,6-naphthalene trisulfonate; 2-naphthalene sulfonate; or 2,7-naphthalene disulfonate.
12. An article comprising the tracer composite of claim 1 .
13. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the tracer is dispersed in the metal matrix.
14. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the tracer is dispersed in the cellular nanomatrix.
15. The composite of claim 1 , wherein the cellular nanomatrix is continuous.
16. A method of analyzing water in a fluid produced from at least one zone of a well, the method comprising:
introducing a tracer composite into the well;
obtaining a sample of the fluid produced from at least one zone of the well; and
analyzing the tracer in the sample;
wherein the tracer composite comprises a tracer disposed in a metal-based carrier which comprises: a cellular nanomatrix having a thickness of about 10 nanometers to about 200 microns and a metal matrix disposed in the cellular nanomatrix, the metal matrix comprising particles having a size of about 50 nanometers to about 800 microns and being surrounded by the cellular nanomatrix, a tracer composite core which has a slower disintegrating rate than the metal-based carrier when measured at the same testing conditions, the tracer and the metal-based matrix being disposed on a surface of the tracer composite core, and the tracer composite sore comprising a material that is consolidated or forged from coated particles having a particle core comprising magnesium (Mg) metal or a magnesium (Mg) alloy, and a coating comprising one or more of the following: aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), tungsten (W), copper (Cu), or cobalt (Co) wherein the tracer is detectable at a minimum concentration of from about 1 part per trillion (ppt) to about 1,000 parts per million (ppm) in the fluid produced from at least one zone of the well; and the tracer comprises one or more of the following: an inorganic anion, an isotope, an activatable element, or an organic compound.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein analyzing the tracer comprises determining the concentration of the tracer using one or more of the following: gas chromatography (GC); liquid chromatography (LC); infrared spectroscopy (IR); mass spectroscopy (MS); Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR); GC-MS; or LC-MS.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the tracer composite is included in a downhole article.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein separate tracer composites are included in separate downhole articles located at different zones of the well.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises determining the flow rate of water in the produced fluid.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises selectively activate the tracer of the tracer composite disposed at a first zone of the well to analyze water in a fluid produced from the first zone.