Energy storage device with large charge separation
High density energy storage in semiconductor devices is provided. There are two main aspects of the present approach. The first aspect is to provide high density energy storage in semiconductor devices based on formation of a plasma in the semiconductor. The second aspect is to provide high density energy storage based on charge separation in a p-n junction.
1. An energy storage device comprising:
first and second conductive electrodes spaced apart;
a first volume of active material disposed between the electrodes;
a first volume of barrier material disposed between the first electrode and the first volume of active material;
wherein the first volume of active material is a semiconducting material comprising a first region having a first Fermi level and a second region having a second Fermi level different from the first Fermi level; and
wherein application of a voltage of greater than 5 V across the electrodes produces an energy density of greater than about 1 Wh/L in the device.
2. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:
a second volume of active material disposed between the second electrode and the first volume of active material.
3. The device of claim 2 further comprising:
a second volume of active material and a third volume of barrier material disposed between the first and second volumes of active material;
wherein the second volume of active material comprises a third region having a third Fermi level and a fourth region having a fourth Fermi level different from the third Fermi level;
wherein the barrier material in the third volume of barrier material has a third breakdown field strength, and
wherein application of the voltage across the electrodes to produce an energy density of greater than about 1 Wh/L in the device produces an electric field in the third volume of barrier material less than the third breakdown field strength.
4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the distance between the first and second volumes of active material is greater than about 5 nm.
5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the distance between the first and second volumes of active material is greater than about 10 nm.
6. The device of claim 1 , further comprising one or more additional volumes of barrier material and one or more additional volumes of active material, wherein the volumes of barrier material and volumes of active material are alternatingly disposed between the electrodes, and wherein each additional volume of active material has two regions having differing Fermi level.
7. The device of claim 1 , further comprising one or more additional volumes of active material and one or more tunnel junctions, wherein each additional volume of active material has two regions having differing Fermi level, and wherein the volumes of active material and the tunnel junctions are alternatingly disposed between the electrodes.
8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured to release stored energy by emission of electromagnetic radiation.
9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured to release stored energy by flow of electrical current through an electrical load.