Hydraulic fracture permeability characterization from electromagnetic measurements

1. A method of characterizing subsurface hydraulic fractures by determining an effective permeability of one or more fracture zones, the method comprising:

transmitting electromagnetic signals from an electromagnetic source toward a subsurface hydraulic fracture location;

capturing electromagnetic signal measurements on the earth's surface above the subsurface hydraulic fracture location at a plurality of electromagnetic receivers at a plurality of different locations along an earth surface spaced at different distances from a hydraulic fracturing surface site;

applying an inversion to the electromagnetic signal measurements and hydraulic flow data to determine a fracture model, the hydraulic flow data including injection pressure and injection volume, wherein the fracture model comprises a three dimensional model constrained to locations at which the electromagnetic signal measurements are detected; and

predicting a stimulated reservoir volume formed based on the inversion volume of hydraulic permeability.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic source includes a plurality of electromagnetic signal transmitters positioned with ground points for the transmitter to inject electric current into the earth from a combination of locations, including the earth surface and/or down boreholes.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein transmitting electromagnetic signals from an electromagnetic source toward a subsurface hydraulic fracture location comprises generating an electric current waveform in the transmitter so as to produce an electromagnetic signal including an active phase and an inactive phase.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein capturing electromagnetic signal measurements occurs during the inactive phase of the current wave form generated electromagnetic signal.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic signal measurements are also captured at a plurality of electromagnetic receivers in adjacent boreholes.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inversion is applied on a combination of an electrical conductivity model and a flow model, and wherein the combination is made between flow permeability and porosity.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein capturing the electromagnetic signal measurements occurs during an inactive phrase of a current wave form included in the electromagnetic signals.

8. A system for characterizing subsurface hydraulic fractures, the system comprising:

an electrical field generation and measurement subsystem including an electromagnetic transmitter and a plurality of electromagnetic sensors located at plurality of different locations along an earth surface spaced at different distances from a hydraulic fracturing surface site;

an electromagnetic numerical modeling system implemented on a computing system and configured to apply an inversion to electromagnetic signal measurements received at the electromagnetic sensors and hydraulic flow data to determine a fracture model, the hydraulic flow data including injection pressure and injection volume, wherein the fracture model comprises a three dimensional model constrained to locations at which the electromagnetic signal measurements are detected;

wherein the electromagnetic numerical modeling system further is configured to predict a stimulated reservoir volume formed based on the inversion volume of hydraulic permeability.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the electrical field generation and measurement subsystem includes a plurality of electromagnetic signal transmitters.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein at least one of the plurality of electromagnetic signal transmitters is located at the earth's surface.

11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the electrical field generation and measurement subsystem includes a signal generator configured to generate an electromagnetic signal including an active phase and an inactive phase.