Microfabricated ion-selective filter for filtration of ions and molecules
A microfabricated filtration membrane including a substrate containing a plurality of micropores, an ion-selective layer, and at least two conductive layers configured to apply a voltage across the micropores. The geometry of the conductive layers matches the geometry of the micropores (or nanopores).
1. A filtration membrane comprising:
a substrate disposed between at least a first conducting layer and a second conducting layer;
a plurality of pores extending through the first conductive layer, substrate, and second conductive layer, the plurality of pores selected from the group consisting of micropores, nanopores and combinations thereof, each of the plurality of pores having a pore sidewall comprised of the first conductive layer, the substrate, and the second conductive layer;
each of the plurality of pores having an ion-selective layer disposed on the pore sidewall; and
each of the first conductive layer and the second conductive layers configured to apply a voltage across the pores.
2. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of pores comprise micropores with a size in the range of about 1 micron to about 250 microns.
3. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the ion-selective layer in each of the plurality of pores is positioned nonparallel to the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the substrate.
4. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the filtration membrane is a stacked structure including a first conductive layer, the substrate layer comprising a first substrate layer and a second substrate layer, and a second conductive layer, where the ion-selective layer of each of the plurality of pores is nonparallel with the first conductive layer and the first substrate layer;
such that the pores pass through each layer of the stacked structure.
5. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein the substrate has a thickness in the range of about 250 microns to about 750 microns.
6. The membrane of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of pores are distributed in a periodic array.
7. The membrane of claim 6 , wherein each of the plurality of pores in the periodic array are spaced at a distance from each other of the plurality of pores in the range of about 50 microns to about 200 microns.
8. A filtration apparatus comprising:
a housing, and
a filtration membrane having a plurality of micropores, the filtration membrane comprising:
at least two conductive layers separated from each other by a substrate; and
each of the plurality of micropores having an ion-selective layer disposed on a sidewall and extending through the at least two conductive layers and the substrate,
wherein the at least two conductive layers are in communication with a voltage source and further wherein the filtration membrane is configured to apply a voltage across the micropores.
9. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the housing comprises:
an upper portion, and
a lower portion;
wherein the filtration membrane is disposed between the upper and lower portions of the housing.
10. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the housing comprises:
an inlet for a contaminated fluid,
an outlet for filtered fluid, and
an outlet for concentrated contaminated fluid.
11. The apparatus according to claim 8 , wherein the apparatus has a flow throughput through the filtration membrane of at least about 1 mL/minute.
12. A microfabrication process for the production of a filtration membrane, comprising:
disposing an ion-selective layer on an interior surface of each of a plurality of pores of a substrate;
disposing a first conductive layer over a first side of the substrate,
disposing a second conductive layer over a second side of the substrate;
wherein the filtration membrane comprises the first conductive layer, the substrate, and the second conductive layer with the plurality of pores extending therethrough and further wherein each of the plurality of pores has the ion-selective layer disposed therein on the interior surface.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the pores are micropores.
14. The process of claim 12 , wherein the pores are nanopores.
15. The process of claim 12 , further comprising removing ion-selective material exterior of the plurality of pores.
16. The process of claim 12 , wherein disposing the ion-selective layer comprises a spin-coating process.
17. The process of claim 16 , wherein the micropores are formed by a micro-drilling or laser machining process.
18. The process of claim 16 , wherein disposing the conductive layers comprises a sputtering process.
19. The process of claim 12 , further comprising forming the plurality of micropores in the substrate.
20. A micromachining process for the production of a filtration membrane, comprising:
laminating an ion-selective layer between a first substrate and a second substrate,
disposing a first conductive layer over a first side of the laminated structure,
disposing a second conductive layer over a second side of the laminated structure, and
forming a plurality of micropores, wherein each of the plurality of pores extends through all of the layers laminated structure and conductive layers.