Highly fluorescent and photo-stable chromophores for wavelength conversion
The invention provides highly fluorescent materials comprising a compound of formula (I): The chromophores are particularly useful for absorption and emission of photons in the visible and near infrared wavelength range. The photo-stable highly luminescent chromophores are useful in various applications, including in wavelength conversion films. Wavelength conversion films have the potential to significantly enhance the solar harvesting efficiency of photovoltaic or solar cell devices.
1. A chromophore represented by formula (I):
wherein Het is
wherein:
i is 0;
X is —N(A 0 )-;
Z is —N(R a )—;
A 0 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted cyclic amido, optionally substituted cyclic imido, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted acyl, optionally substituted carboxy, optionally substituted carbonyl,
R a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted arylalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloheteroalkenyl, optionally substituted amino, optionally substituted amido, optionally substituted cyclic amido, optionally substituted cyclic imido, optionally substituted alkoxy, optionally substituted carboxy, optionally substituted carbonyl,
D 1 and D 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted aryloxy, optionally substituted acyloxy, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted amino, amido, cyclic amido, and cyclic imido; provided that D 1 and D 2 are not both hydrogen, and D 1 and D 2 are not optionally substituted thiophene or optionally substituted furan; and
wherein when a group is substituted, the group is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl (optionally substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, carboxy, haloalkyl, CN, —SO 2 -alkyl, —CF 3 , and —OCF 3 ), cycloalkyl geminally attached, C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl, C 3 -C 10 heterocycloalkyl (optionally substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, carboxy, CN, —SO 2 -alkyl, —CF 3 , and —OCF 3 ), aryl (optionally substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, arylalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, carboxy, amino, imido, amido, cyclic imido optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl, cyclic amido, CN, —NH—C(═O)-alkyl, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , and aryl optionally substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl), arylalkyl (optionally substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, carboxy, CN, —SO 2 -alkyl, —CF 3 , and —OCF 3 ), heteroaryl (optionally substituted with a moiety selected from the group consisting of halo, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, carboxy, CN, —SO 2 -alkyl, —CF 3 , and —OCF 3 ), halo, cyano, hydroxy, cyclic imido, amino, imido, amido, —CF 3 , C 1 -C 6 alkoxy (optionally substituted with halo, alkyl, alkoxy optionally substituted with alkoxy, aryl, carboxy, CN, —SO 2 -alkyl, —CF 3 , and —OCF 3 ), aryloxy, acyloxy, sulfhydryl, halo(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkylthio, arylthio, (C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, di-(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, quaternary ammonium salts, amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkoxy, hydroxy(C 1 -C 6 )alkylamino, amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkylthio, cyanoamino, nitro, carbamoyl, carboxy, acyl, glycolyl, glycyl, hydrazino, guanyl, sulfamyl, thiocarboxy, sulfonamido, N-carbamate, O-carbamate, and urea.
2. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein:
D 1 and D 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of:
3. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein D 1 and D 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkoxyaryl, -aryl-NR′R″, and -aryl-aryl-NR′R″; wherein R′ and R″ are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkoxy, or —C(═O)R; wherein R is alkyl or aryl optionally substituted by alkyl; or one or both of R′ and R″ forms a fused heterocyclic ring with aryl to which the N is attached to.
4. The chromophore of claim 3 , wherein:
D 1 and D 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of
5. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein:
A 0 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and (C 1 -C 6 )alkoxyalkyl.
6. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein:
A 0 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, phenyl,
7. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein R a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, and optionally substituted alkoxyalkyl.
8. The chromophore of claim 1 , wherein R a is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl,
9. A wavelength conversion luminescent medium comprising an optically transparent polymer matrix and at least one luminescent dye comprising a chromophore of claim 1 .
10. The wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 9 , wherein the optically transparent polymer matrix comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, polyimide, amorphous polycarbonate, polystyrene, siloxane sol-gel, polyurethane, polyacrylate, and combinations thereof.
11. The wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 9 , wherein the refractive index of the polymer matrix material is in the range of 1.4 to 1.7.
12. The wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 9 , wherein the luminescent dye is present in the polymer matrix in an amount in the range of 0.01 wt % to 3 wt %.
13. A photovoltaic module comprising at least one photovoltaic device or solar cell and a wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 9 .
14. The photovoltaic module of claim 13 , wherein the wavelength conversion luminescent medium is a film having a thickness in the range of 0.1 μm to 1 μm.
15. The photovoltaic module of claim 13 , wherein the photovoltaic device or solar cell comprises at least one device selected from the group consisting of a cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride solar cell, a copper indium gallium diselenide solar cell, an amorphous silicon solar cell, a microcrystalline silicon solar cell, or a crystalline silicon solar cell.
16. The photovoltaic module of claim 13 , further comprising a refractive index matching liquid or optical adhesive.
17. A method for improving the performance of a photovoltaic device of solar cell, comprising applying a wavelength conversion luminescent medium of claim 9 directly onto the light incident side of the photovoltaic device or solar cell, or encapsulate the wavelength conversion luminescent medium in the photovoltaic device or solar cell.