Organic non-aqueous cation-based redox flow batteries

1. A non-aqueous redox flow battery comprising a negative electrode immersed in a non-aqueous liquid negative electrolyte, a positive electrode immersed in a non-aqueous liquid positive electrolyte, and a cation-permeable separator between the negative and positive electrolytes;

the negative electrode being positioned within a negative electrolyte chamber (“NE chamber”) defined by a first housing and containing the negative electrolyte, the NE chamber connecting with a first negative electrolyte reservoir (“NE reservoir”) and a second NE reservoir such that the first NE reservoir, the NE chamber, and the second NE reservoir can be placed in fluid-flow communication and collectively define a negative electrolyte circulation pathway; a first pump being operably positioned within the negative electrolyte circulation pathway to circulate the negative electrolyte back and forth between the first NE reservoir and the second NE reservoir over the negative electrode;

the positive electrode being positioned within a positive electrolyte chamber (“PE chamber”) defined by a second housing and containing the positive electrolyte, the PE chamber connecting with a first positive electrolyte reservoir (“PE reservoir”) and a second PE reservoir such that the first PE reservoir, the PE chamber, and the second PE reservoir can be placed in fluid-flow communication and collectively define a positive electrolyte circulation pathway; a second pump being positioned within the positive electrolyte circulation pathway to circulate the positive electrolyte back and forth between the first PE reservoir and the second PE reservoir over the positive electrode;

the negative and positive electrolytes each independently comprising an electrolyte salt, a transition metal-free redox reactant, and optionally an electrochemically stable organic solvent; and

the NE chamber and the PE chamber being separated from one another by the cation-permeable separator, such that cations from the electrolyte salt can flow back and forth between the NE chamber and the PE chamber to balance charges resulting from oxidation and reduction of the redox reactants during charging and discharging of the battery;

wherein the redox reactant of the positive electrolyte has a higher redox potential than the redox reactant of the negative electrolyte;

wherein the redox reactant of the positive electrolyte comprises a compound selected from:

(a) a compound of Formula (III):

in which each of R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 is F, and each of R 19 and R 20 independently is alkyl or alkoxyalkyl; and

(b) a compound of Formula (V):

in which each of X 9 , X 10 , X 11 , and X 12 is F, and each of R 21 and R 22 independently is alkyl or alkoxyalkyl; and

wherein the redox reactant of the negative electrolyte comprises a compound of Formula (I):

wherein each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 independently is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, alkoxy, phenyl, pyridyl, halogen, and amino.

2. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the redox reactant of the positive electrolyte is selected from the group consisting of 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-dimethoxybenzene (TFDMB), 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-diethoxybenzene (TFDEB), and 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)benzene (TFBMEB).

3. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the cations of the electrolyte salts are selected from Li + and Na + .

4. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the anions of the electrolyte salts are selected from the group consisting of BF 4 − , PF 6 − , ClO 4 − , AsF 6 − , CF 3 SO 3 − , N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 − , N(SO 2 CF 2 CF 3 ) 2− , B(C 2 O 4 ) 2− , and B 12 X n H (12-n) 2− , wherein X=halogen.

5. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the redox reactant of the positive electrolyte is liquid 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)benzene, and no electrochemically stable organic solvent is included in the positive electrolyte.

6. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically stable organic solvents comprise organic carbonates.

7. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 6 , wherein the organic carbonates are selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and a combination of two or more of the foregoing carbonates.

8. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, and alkoxy.

9. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the redox reactant of the positive electrolyte comprises 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-dimethoxybenzene (TFDMB).

10. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the redox reactant of the positive electrolyte comprises 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-diethoxybenzene (TFDEB).

11. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the redox reactant of the positive electrolyte comprises 1,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)benzene (TFBMEB).

12. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the cation-permeable separator comprises a cation exchange membrane, a porous polymeric material, a porous ceramic material, a porous insulating metal, a zeolite, a cation-conducting glass, and a liquid-liquid interface between immiscible liquids.

13. The non-aqueous redox flow battery of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode and the positive electrode each independently comprises a metal, a carbon material, or a combination thereof.