Solid-state ionically conductive composite electrodes
Provided herein are ionically conductive solid-state compositions that include ionically conductive inorganic particles in a matrix of an organic material. The resulting composite material has high ionic conductivity and mechanical properties that facilitate processing. In particular embodiments, the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are compliant and may be cast as films. In some embodiments of the present invention, solid-state electrolytes including the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are provided. In some embodiments of the present invention, electrodes including the ionically conductive solid-state compositions are provided. The present invention further includes embodiments that are directed to methods of manufacturing the ionically conductive solid-state compositions and batteries incorporating the ionically conductive solid-state compositions.
1. A solid-state electrode for use in an alkali ion or alkali metal battery, comprising
an inorganic phase comprising an ionically conductive amorphous inorganic material, an electrochemically active material, and an electronically conductive additive; and
an organic phase comprising a first component and a binder, wherein the first component is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol and the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol, and wherein the binder is soluble in p-xylene.
2. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the ionically conductive amorphous inorganic material constitutes between 15% and 60% by weight of the inorganic phase, the electrochemically active material constitutes between 30% and 80% by weight of the inorganic phase, and the electronically conductive additive constitutes between 5% and 25% of the inorganic phase.
3. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component constitutes between 50% and 99% by weight of the organic phase, and the binder constitutes between 1% and 50% by weight of the organic phase.
4. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
5. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is polybutadiene (PBD).
6. The solid-state electrode of claim 5 , wherein the PBD has end groups selected from cyano, thiol, amide, amino, sulfonic acid, epoxy, carboxyl, or hydroxyl groups.
7. The solid-state electrode of claim 5 , wherein the PBD has hydroxyl end groups.
8. The solid-state electrode of claim 5 , wherein the PBD has 60/20/20 trans/vinyl/cis bonds.
9. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is polystyrene.
10. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is a cyclic olefin polymer.
11. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is a linear polymer having end groups selected from cyano, thiol, amide, amino, sulfonic acid, epoxy, carboxyl, or hydroxyl groups.
12. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component is a polyalkyl, polyaromatic, or polysiloxane polymer having end groups selected from cyano, thiol, amide, amino, sulfonic acid, epoxy, carboxyl, or hydroxyl groups.
13. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the binder comprises styrene.
14. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic phase is dispersed in a matrix of the organic phase.
15. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of less than −50° C.
16. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the binder has a glass transition temperature greater than 70° C.
17. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the first component has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of less than −50° C. and the binder has a glass transition temperature greater than 70° C.
18. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic phase constitutes at least 85% by weight of the solid-state electrode.
19. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the organic phase constitutes between 3% and 15% by weight of the solid-state electrode.
20. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM).
21. The solid-state electrode of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active material is selected from the group consisting of a carbon-containing material, a silicon-containing material, a tin-containing material, lithium, or a lithium alloyed metal.
22. A battery comprising:
an anode;
a cathode; and
an electrolyte composition operatively associated with the anode and cathode, wherein the anode comprises (a) an inorganic phase comprising an ionically conductive amorphous inorganic material, an electrochemically active material, and an electronically conductive additive; and (b) an organic phase comprising a first component and a binder, wherein the first component is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol and the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol, and wherein the binder is soluble in p-xylene.
23. A battery comprising:
an anode;
a cathode; and
an electrolyte composition operatively associated with the anode and cathode, wherein the cathode comprises (a) an inorganic phase comprising an ionically conductive amorphous inorganic material, an electrochemically active material, and an electronically conductive additive; and (b) an organic phase comprising a first component and a binder, wherein the first component is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol and the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol, and wherein the binder is soluble in p-xylene.
24. A solid-state electrode/electrolyte bilayer comprising:
an electrode layer comprising a first inorganic phase and first organic phase, the first inorganic phase comprising an ionically conductive amorphous inorganic material, an electrochemically active material, and an electronically conductive additive and the first organic phase comprising an electrode first component and a binder, wherein the electrode first component is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol, and the binder is soluble in p-xylene; and
an electrolyte layer disposed on the electrode layer and comprising an second inorganic phase and a second organic phase, the second inorganic phase comprising an ionically conductive amorphous inorganic material and the second organic phase comprising an electrolyte first component, wherein the electrolyte first component is a non-ionically conductive polymer having a number average molecular weight of between 500 g/mol and 50,000 g/mol;
and a binder, wherein the binder is a non-ion conducting polymer having a number average molecular weight of at least 100 kg/mol.
25. The solid-state electrode/electrolyte bilayer of claim 24 , wherein the ionically conductive amorphous inorganic material of the first organic phase constitutes between 15% and 60% by weight of the first inorganic phase, the electrochemically active material constitutes between 30% and 80% by weight of the first inorganic phase, and the electronically conductive additive constitutes between 5% and 25% of the first inorganic phase.
26. The solid-state electrode/electrolyte bilayer of claim 24 , wherein the electrode first component has a polymeric backbone that is different from a polymeric backbone of the electrolyte first component.
27. The solid-state electrode/electrolyte bilayer of claim 24 , wherein the electrode first component has a polymeric backbone that is the same as the polymeric backbone of the electrolyte first component.
28. The solid-state electrode/electrolyte bilayer of claim 24 , wherein the electrode layer thickness is less than about 100 microns.
29. The solid-state electrode/electrolyte bilayer of claim 28 , wherein the electrolyte layer thickness is less than the electrode layer thickness and is between 5 microns and 50 microns thick.