Parallel redundant power distribution
Systems and methods are provided for reliable redundant power distribution. Some embodiments include micro Automatic Transfer Switches (micro-ATSs), including various components and techniques for facilitating reliable auto-switching functionality in a small footprint (e.g., less than ten cubic inches, with at least one dimension being less than a standard NEMA rack height). Other embodiments include systems and techniques for integrating a number of micro-ATSs into a parallel auto-switching module for redundant power delivery to a number of devices. Implementations of the parallel auto-switching module are configured to be mounted in, on top of, or on the side of standard equipment racks. Still other embodiments provide power distribution topologies that exploit functionality of the micro-ATSs and/or the parallel micro-ATS modules.
1. A power relay apparatus for use in a power distribution topology for supplying power to electrical devices, said power distribution topology comprising:
a core infrastructure including first and second power sources;
a distribution portion, disposed between said electrical devices and said core infrastructure, including multiple distribution branches; and
leaf portions, associated with said distribution branches, including said electrical devices, wherein said distribution portion and said core infrastructure are disposed upstream from said leaf portions, said power relay apparatus comprising:
an array of multiple relays connected in parallel between at least one input power feed and at least one output power feed, said array having multiple input branches associated with said multiple relays, wherein each input branch includes a time-dependent, current-limiting device operationally disposed between a respective relay of said input branch and a respective input power feed of said input branch, said power relay apparatus being disposed in said power distribution topology upstream from at least one of said leaf portions.
2. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said time-dependent, current-limiting device has a first impedance at a first time in relation to operation of said relay to induce current flow though said input branch, and a second impedance different from said first impedance at a second time in relation to said operation of said relay.
3. An apparatus as set forth in claim 2 , wherein said time-dependent, current-limiting device includes a resistive element having a resistance value that decreases over time after initiation of current flow through said element.
4. An apparatus as set forth in claim 2 , wherein said time-dependent, current-limiting device has a first effective resistance of greater than zero for a first time period after said operation of said relay and has a second effective resistance of substantially zero in a second time period after said first time period.
5. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said core infrastructure.
6. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said first and second power sources and site main switchgear.
7. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said distribution portion.
8. An apparatus as set forth in claim 7 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between site main switchgear and a power distribution unit.
9. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said leafs and a power distribution unit.
10. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 , wherein said power relay apparatus is connected to a power busway.
11. A method for use in connecting one or more power sources with one or more loads via a power distribution topology, said power distribution topology comprising:
a core infrastructure including said power sources;
a distribution portion, disposed between said loads and said core infrastructure, including multiple distribution branches; and
leaf portions, associated with said distribution branches, including said loads, wherein said distribution portion and said core infrastructure are disposed upstream from said leaf portions, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a power relay apparatus including an array of multiple relays connected in parallel between at least one input power feed and at least one output power feed, said array having multiple input branches associated with said multiple relays, wherein, in each relay branch, an impedance element is operationally interposed between a respective relay of said input branch and a respective input power feed of said input branch during a first time period in relation to operation of said relay, and said impedance element is operationally bypassed during a second time period after said first time period; and
disposing said power relay apparatus in said power distribution topology upstream from at least one of said leaf portions.
12. A method as set forth in claim 11 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said core infrastructure.
13. A method as set forth in claim 11 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said first and second power sources and site main switchgear.
14. A method as set forth in claim 11 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said distribution portion.
15. A method as set forth in claim 14 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between site main switchgear and a power distribution unit.
16. A method as set forth in claim 11 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said leafs and a power distribution unit.
17. A method as set forth in claim 11 , wherein said power relay apparatus is connected to a power busway.
18. A power relay apparatus for use in a power distribution topology for supplying power to electrical devices, said power distribution topology comprising:
a core infrastructure including first and second power sources;
a distribution portion, disposed between said electrical devices and said core infrastructure, including multiple distribution branches; and
leaf portions, associated with said distribution branches, including said electrical devices, wherein said distribution portion and said core infrastructure are disposed upstream from said leaf portions, said power relay apparatus comprising:
an array of multiple relays connected in parallel between at least one input power feed and at least one output power feed, said array having multiple input branches associated with said multiple relays, and logic for monitoring each branch of said input branches to determine whether a current load of said monitored branch falls within an acceptable range and disabling said monitored branch if said current load is outside of said acceptable range, said power relay apparatus being disposed in said power distribution topology upstream from at least one of said leaf portions.
19. An apparatus as set forth in claim 18 , wherein said logic is further operative for switching another input branch from an idle state to an active state responsive to determining that said current load of said monitored branch falls outside of said acceptable range.
20. An apparatus as set forth in claim 18 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said core infrastructure.
21. An apparatus as set forth in claim 18 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said first and second power sources and site main switchgear.
22. An apparatus as set forth in claim 18 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said distribution portion.
23. An apparatus as set forth in claim 22 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between site main switchgear and a power distribution unit.
24. An apparatus as set forth in claim 18 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said leafs and a power distribution unit.
25. An apparatus as set forth in claim 18 , wherein said power relay apparatus is connected to a power busway.
26. A method for use in connecting one or more power sources with one or more loads via a power distribution topology, said power distribution topology comprising:
a core infrastructure including said power sources;
a distribution portion, disposed between said loads and said core infrastructure, including multiple distribution branches; and
leaf portions, associated with said distribution branches, including said loads, wherein said distribution portion and said core infrastructure are disposed upstream from said leaf portions, said method comprising the steps of:
providing a power relay apparatus including an array of multiple relays connected in parallel between at least one input power feed and at least one output power feed, said array having multiple input branches associated with said multiple relays, and a monitoring device for monitoring each branch logic of said input branches to determine whether a current load of said monitored branch falls within an acceptable range and disabling said monitored branch if said current load is outside of said acceptable range; and
disposing said power relay apparatus in said power distribution topology upstream from at least one of said leaf portions.
27. A method as set forth in claim 26 , further comprising the step of switching another input branch from an idle state to an active state responsive to determining that said current load of said monitored branch falls outside of said acceptable.
28. A method as set forth in claim 26 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said core infrastructure.
29. A method as set forth in claim 26 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said first and second power sources and site main switchgear.
30. A method as set forth in claim 26 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed in said distribution portion.
31. A method as set forth in claim 30 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between site main switchgear and a power distribution unit.
32. A method as set forth in claim 26 , wherein said power relay apparatus is disposed between said leafs and a power distribution unit.
33. A method as set forth in claim 26 , wherein said power relay apparatus is connected to a power busway.