Method to produce metal matrix nanocomposite
A method for coating a substrate includes disposing a deposition composition in a container. The deposition composition includes a plurality of nanosheets and a metal material. The method also includes disposing a substrate in the container, contacting the substrate with the deposition composition, applying a voltage to the substrate, electrodepositing, on the substrate, a coating that includes a metal from metal ions and the nanosheets in response to biasing the substrate at the first potential.
1. A method for coating a substrate, the method comprising:
disposing a deposition composition in a container, the deposition composition comprising:
a plurality of nanosheets, the nanosheets comprising a basic or a cationic functional group, the basic functional group comprising a primary amino group, a secondary amino group, a tertiary amino group, or a combination thereof, and the cationic functional group comprising a quaternary ammonium group, a quaternary phosphonium group, a tertiary sulfonium group, an alkyl pyridinium group, or a combination thereof; and
a metal material to produce positively charged metal-containing ions in the deposition composition;
disposing a substrate in the container;
contacting the substrate with the deposition composition;
applying a voltage between the substrate and a counter electrode, the substrate being a cathode, and the counter electrode being an anode;
electrodepositing, on the substrate, a coating comprising:
a metal from the positively charged metal-containing ions; and
the nanosheets,
wherein the nanosheets comprise graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising disposing a reference electrode in the container.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal comprises Al, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Cr, Fe, Pb, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ru, Sn, Ti, V, W, Zn, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition composition further comprises a buffer, a surfactant, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, silicon, zinc, a rare earth element, a metal alloy thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition composition is an aqueous fluid.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition composition is a nonaqueous fluid comprising an ionic liquid.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a ratio of a number of moles of the metal material to a number of moles of the ionic liquid is greater than or equal to 1.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition composition further comprises an ionic liquid which comprises imidazolium, pyrazolium, pyridinium, ammonium, pyrrolidinium, sulfonium, phosphonium, morpholinium, a derivative thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanosheets are present in the coating in an amount from 0.001 wt % to 10 wt %, based on the weight of the nanosheets and the metal in the coating.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the voltage is a DC voltage.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the voltage is a pulsed voltage.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pH of the deposition composition is from 2 to 6.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the deposition composition is from 15° C. to 90° C.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the coating is from 10 nm to 200 μm.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanosheets are oriented parallel to a proximate surface of the substrate.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanosheets are oriented obliquely to a proximate surface of the substrate.
18. The method of claim 1 , further comprising changing the voltage, the metal material, the plurality of nanosheets, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, to form a plurality of different coatings on the substrate.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanosheets comprise graphene.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanosheets comprise the cationic functional group which comprises the quaternary ammonium group, the quaternary phosphonium group, the tertiary sulfonium group, the alkyl pyridinium group, or a combination thereof.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the basic functional group is covalently bonded to the nanosheets.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano sheets comprise the basic functional group and the basic functional group is derived by nitration followed by reduction or by nucleophilic substitution by an amine, a substituted amine, or protected amine.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the deposition composition further comprises a reducing agent that is effective to reduce the metal ions to the metal.
24. A method for coating a substrate, the method comprising:
disposing a deposition composition in a container, the deposition composition comprising:
a plurality of nanosheets; and
a metal material to produce positively charged metal-containing ions in the deposition composition;
disposing a substrate in the container;
contacting the substrate with the deposition composition;
applying a DC voltage between the substrate and a counter electrode, the substrate being a cathode, and the counter electrode being an anode;
electrodepositing, on the substrate, a coating comprising:
a metal from the positively charged metal-containing ions; and
the nanosheets,
wherein the method further comprises disposing a reference electrode in the container;
the nanosheets comprise graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing and a basic or a cationic functional group, the basic functional group comprising a primary amino group, a secondary amino group, a tertiary amino group, or a combination thereof, and the cationic functional group comprising a quaternary ammonium group, a quaternary phosphonium group, a tertiary sulfonium group, an alkyl pyridinium group, or a combination thereof; and
the substrate comprises aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, silicon, zinc, a rare earth element, a metal alloy thereof, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.