Poly(thioaminal) probe based lithography
Methods and materials for patterning a substrate are disclosed herein. A poly(thioaminal) material may be utilized as a thermal resist material for patterning substrates in a thermal scanning probe lithography process. The poly(thioaminal) material may be functionalized with an electron withdrawing group and various monomers may be volatilized upon exposure to a thermal scanning probe.
1. A method of patterning a substrate, comprising:
forming a poly(thioaminal) material by either (a) ring opening of a hexahydrotriazine with a thiol, or (b) reacting a stabilized imine intermediate with a thiol;
disposing the poly(thioaminal) material on a substrate; and
patterning the poly(thioaminal) material with a thermal scanning probe.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the poly(thioaminal) material is disposed on the substrate by a spin coating process.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermal scanning probe contacts the poly(thioaminal) material during the patterning.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the thermal scanning probe is maintained at a temperature of greater than about 225° C. during the patterning.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein monomers of the poly(thioaminal) material are volatilized upon contact with the thermal scanning probe.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the monomers are one or more of a dithiol, an electron deficient amine, or combinations and mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein a temperature difference between a bulk of the poly(thioaminal) material and the thermal scanning probe is greater than about 200° C.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stabilized imine intermediate is synthesized from an electron deficient amine.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
etching deprotected regions of the substrate after performing the patterning.
10. A method of patterning a substrate, comprising:
forming a poly(thioaminal) material by either (a) ring opening of a hexahydrotriazine with a thiol, or (b) reacting a stabilized imine intermediate with a thiol, the poly(thioaminal) material having a CH 2 —N(R′)—CH 2 —S—R—S repeating group, wherein:
each instance of R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and oligomer, and
each instance of R′ is an electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of CnF n+1 , CnF n−1 , C 6 H 4 X, and heterocyclyl thereof, and wherein X is selected from the group consisting of Br, Cl, NO 2 CF 3 , F, CO 2 Me CO 2 H, CN, and combinations thereof;
disposing the poly(thioaminal) material on a substrate; and
patterning the poly(thioaminal) material with a thermal scanning probe.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein each instance of R is an oligomer selected from the group consisting of ether, siloxane, styrene, carbonate, lactide, methacrylate, acrylate, polyolefin, polyester, polyamide, polyamino, and combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the thermal scanning probe is maintained at a temperature of greater than about 225° C. during the patterning.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein a temperature difference between a bulk of the poly(thioaminal) material and the thermal scanning probe is greater than about 200° C.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein dithiol monomers, electron deficient amines, and combinations thereof are volatilized from the poly(thioaminal) material during the patterning.
15. The method of claim 10 , further comprising:
etching deprotected regions of the substrate after performing the patterning.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein each instance of R is selected to tune a glass transition temperature of the poly(thioaminal) material.
17. The method of claim 10 , wherein each instance of R includes aromatic substituents, hydroxyl substituents, or combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 10 , wherein each instance of R is
wherein each W is independently hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group, and Z is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 and C(CF 3 ) 2 .
19. A method of patterning a substrate, comprising:
forming a poly(thioaminal) material by either (a) ring opening of a hexahydrotriazine with a thiol, or (b) reacting a stabilized imine intermediate with a thiol, the poly(thioaminal) material having a S—CH 2 —NH—R—NH—CH 2 repeating group, wherein each instance of R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, and oligomer;
disposing the poly(thioaminal) material on a substrate; and
patterning the poly(thioaminal) material with a thermal scanning probe.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein each instance of R is selected from the group consisting of siloxane, styrene, carbonate, lactide, methacrylate, acrylate, polyamide, polyamino,
and combinations thereof, wherein each W is independently hydrogen or an electron withdrawing group, and Z is selected from the group consisting of CH 2 and C(CF 3 ) 2 .