Scintillators having the K
According to one embodiment, a scintillator includes a host material having the chemical formula: A 2 BX 6 , where A includes a monovalent ion, B includes a tetravalent ion, and X includes a halide ion.
1. A scintillator, comprising:
a host material having the chemical formula: A 2 BX 6 , wherein A includes a monovalent ion, B includes a tetravalent ion, and X includes a halide ion,
wherein the scintillator exhibits an optical response for at least one of: thermal neutrons, fast neutrons and gamma rays.
2. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein A is selected from the group consisting of: Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs.
3. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein B is selected from the group consisting of: Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, Se, and Te.
4. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein X is selected from the group consisting of: Cl, Br, and I.
5. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the scintillator has an energy resolution at 662 keV of about 4% or less.
6. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the host material further comprises at least one activator ion selected from the group consisting of: Tl + , Cu + , Ag + , Au + , Pb 2+ , Bi 3+ , In + , Sn 2+ , Sb 3+ , Ce 3+ , Pr 3+ , Eu 2+ , Yb 2+ , Nb 5+ , Ta 5+ , W 6+ , and combinations thereof.
7. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the host material further comprises at least one additional cation dopant selected from the group consisting of: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Zn, Ca, Sr, Ba; La, Gd, Lu, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr, Hf, and combinations thereof; wherein the additional cation dopant is not otherwise present in the host material of the scintillator.
8. The scintillator as recited in claim 7 , wherein the additional cation dopant is incorporated into the host material in an amount of about 20 at. % or less relative to a cation of the host material for which it is substituting.
9. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the host material further comprises at least one additional anion dopant selected from the group consisting of: F − , Cl − , Br − , I − , O 2− , S 2− , Se 2− , Te 2− , and combination thereof; wherein the additional anion dopant is not otherwise present in the host material of the scintillator.
10. The scintillator as recited in claim 9 , wherein the additional anion dopant is incorporated into the host material in an amount of about 20 at. % or less relative to an anion of the host material for which it is substituting.
11. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the host material further comprises an additional component configured to capture thermal neutrons, wherein the additional component is not otherwise present in the host material of the scintillator.
12. The scintillator as recited in claim 11 , wherein the additional component is 6 Li.
13. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the host material has any of the following formulas: Cs 2 HfCl 6 , Na 2 HfCl 6 , Li 2 HfCl 6 , Cs 2 HfBr 6 , Na 2 HfBr 6 , Li 2 HfBr 6 , Cs 2 HfI 6 , Na 2 HfI 6 , Li 2 HfI 6 , Cs 2 ZrCl 6 , Na 2 ZrCl 6 , Li 2 ZrCl 6 , Cs 2 ZrBr 6 , Na 2 ZrBr 6 , Li 2 ZrBr 6 , Cs 2 HfI 6 , Na 2 HfCl 6 , Li 2 HfI 6 , Cs 2 ZrCl 6 , Na 2 ZrCl 6 , Li 2 ZrCl 6 , Cs 2 ZrBr 6 , Na 2 ZrBr 6 , Li 2 ZrBr 6 , Cs 2 ZrI 6 , Na 2 ZrI 6 , Li 2 ZrI 6 , Cs 2 TiCl 6 , Na 2 TiCl 6 , Li 2 TiCl 6 , Cs 2 TiBr 6 , Na 2 TiBr 6 , Li 2 TiBr 6 , Cs 2 TiI 6 , Na 2 TiI 6 , or Li 2 TiI 6 .
14. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein a length of at least one dimension of the scintillator is in a range from about 1 mm to about 12 inches.
15. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the scintillator is an optically transparent single crystal.
16. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the scintillator has physical characteristics of being formed via melt growth.
17. A radiation detection system, comprising:
the scintillator as recited in claim 1 ; and
a processing device configured to process pulse traces corresponding to light pulses from the scintillator.
18. The scintillator as recited in claim 1 , wherein the scintillator is an optically transparent pressed powder or sintered polycrystalline body.
19. A radiography system, comprising:
the scintillator as recited in claim 18 ; and
a photodetector array configured to detect light pulses from the scintillator at different points within the plane of the scintillator,
wherein the scintillator is positioned near the photodetector array so as to substantially direct the light pulses to the photodetector array.
20. A scintillator, comprising:
a host material having the chemical formula: A 2 BX 6 , wherein A includes a monovalent ion, B includes a tetravalent ion, and X includes a halide ion,
wherein the host material further comprises at least one additional cation dopant, at least one additional anion dopant, or at least one additional cation dopant and at least one additional anion dopant;
wherein the at least one additional cation dopant, when present, is selected from the group consisting of: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Zn, Ca, Sr, Ba; La, Gd, Lu, Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr, Hf, and combinations thereof, wherein the additional cation dopant is not otherwise present in the host material of the scintillator;
wherein the at least one additional anion dopant, when present, is selected from the group consisting of: F − , Cl − , Br − , I − , O 2− , S 2− , Se 2− , Te 2− , and combination thereof, wherein the additional anion dopant is not otherwise present in the host material of the scintillator.
21. A scintillator, comprising:
a host material having the chemical formula: A 2 BX 6 , wherein A includes a monovalent ion, B includes a tetravalent ion, and X includes a halide ion,
wherein the host material further comprises at least one activator ion selected from the group consisting of: Tl + , Cu + , Ag + , Au + , Pb 2+ , Bi 3+ , In + , Sn 2+ , Sb 3+ , Ce 3+ , Pr 3+ , Eu 2+ , Yb 2+ , Nb 5+ , Ta 5+ , W 6+ , and combinations thereof.