Methods for producing hydrogen using nanoparticle-catalyst mixtures
Methods for producing hydrogen using nanoparticles, a catalyst, and a source of electrons, such as bacteria and their nutrient source in a biological system, are carried out in an aqueous medium. The nanoparticles may be doped with a plurality of isovalent and/or non-isovalent dopants.
1. A composition for producing hydrogen comprising:
(a) a nanoparticle or a plurality of nanoparticles;
(b) a metal complex catalyst;
(c) an external source of electrons, wherein the external source of electrons is a biological system; and
(d) an aqueous medium;
wherein:
the nanoparticle or the plurality of nanoparticles, the metal complex catalyst, and the aqueous medium are present as a mixture,
upon exposure to electromagnetic radiation having at least a wavelength in the absorption profile of the nanoparticle or the plurality of nanoparticles, the nanoparticle or the plurality of nanoparticles is capable of generating an electron that can reduce, in the presence of the metal complex catalyst, a proton in the aqueous medium, and
the source of electrons is capable of reducing the nanoparticle or the plurality of nanoparticles after reduction of the proton.
2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of nanoparticles comprises at least two different types of nanoparticles.
3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle or plurality of nanoparticles is doped with a plurality of isovalent dopants and/or non-isovalent dopants.
4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the source of electrons is present in the mixture.
5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle or plurality of nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of CdSe, CdS, CdTe, PbS, PbTe, PbSe, GaAs, InP, InAs, Si, and Ge nanoparticles.
6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of nanocrystals, quantum dots (QDs), magic size clusters (MSCs), quantum rods, dot-in-rod nanocrystals, quantum wires, dendridic inorganic nanostructures, tetrapods, cubes, core-shell nanoparticles, and an alloy structure thereof.
7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal complex is a transition metal salt.
8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the transition metal salt is a Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, W, Os, Ir, Pt, or Au salt, or a mixture thereof.
9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous medium is water.
10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the biological system comprises bacteria and a nutrient source or growth medium for the bacteria.
11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the bacteria are the source for the nanoparticles.
12. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises an organic ligand.